I-Hydraulic fracturing isibe ngesinye sezobuchwepheshe eziguqule kakhulu embonini yamandla yesimanje, siguqule kakhulu indlela amafutha negesi akhiqizwa ngayo ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Le nqubo, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukufakelwa, ihlanganisa ukujova ingxube yoketshezi enomfutho ophakeme emafomini edwala ukuze kwakheke imifantu evumela ama-hydrocarbon ukuthi ageleke kalula. Le ndlela ivule izindawo ezinkulu zamafutha negesi yemvelo ezazibhekwa njengezingekho nzuzo ukuthi zikhiqizwe, ngaleyo ndlela yandise impilo yezindawo ezivuthiwe futhi yenza kutholakale izinsiza ezingajwayelekile. Ezinkampanini zamandla ezisebenza ezimakethe anokuncintisana, ukwazi kahle i-hydraulic fracturing akusona isinqumo—kuyisidingo samasu. Ukwamukelwa komhlaba wonke kobuchwepheshe kudale izindawo zokuhlinzekwa ezibanzi, kusuka ezintweni zokumpompa ezikhethekile kuya ezintweni ezithuthukisiwe, konke kusebenza ngokubambisana ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwemithombo. Njengoba imboni iqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ukuqonda ububanzi obugcwele be-hydraulic fracturing—kusukela ezindleleni zayo zokusebenza kuya emiphumeleni yayo yezenotho kanye nemvelo—kubalulekile kubantu abathintekayo kuwo wonke amazinga. Lesi sihloko sihlinzeka ngokubuka konke okubanzi kwe-hydraulic fracturing, sihlanganisa indima yayo ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kukaphethiloli, izindlela eziqhubela impumelelo, kanye nezinto ezintsha ezakha ikusasa layo.

Ngaphandle kokufakelwa kwamanzi ngomfutho, iningi lamafutha angavamile lingahlala liboshwe ngaphansi komhlaba, lingafinyeleleki ngezindlela zokubhola ezijwayelekile. Lobu buchwepheshe buphindaphinde kabili noma ngisho kathathu izinto ezingatholwa ezindaweni eziningi zamafutha ngokudala izindlela emadwaleni anomfutho ophansi njengoshale, isihlabathi esiqinile, namadwala e-carbonate. Ezingxenyeni ezifana nePermian Basin e-United States, iBakken formation, kanye neVaca Muerta e-Argentina, ukufakelwa kwamafutha ngomfutho kuguqule lokho okwakuyizindawo ezingabalulekile kwaba izimpahla ezikhiqiza umhlaba wonke. Amandla okukhuthaza izindawo eziningi kusuka emgodini owodwa wokubhola ngokubhola okuyisilinganiso okuhlanganiswe nokufakelwa kwezinyathelo eziningi kuthuthukise kakhulu ezomnotho wokuthola amafutha. Izinkampani zamandla manje sezijwayele ukuthola amazinga okuqala okukhiqiza aphakeme izikhathi eziyishumi kuya kweyishumi nambili kunalokho okwakuzokwenzeka ngaphandle kokukhuthazwa. Lesi sikhathi esibalulekile ekukhiqizeni sehlise izindleko nge-barrel kubasebenzi abaningi, sibavumela ukuba bahlale benenzuzo ngisho nasezikhathini zamanani aphansi kawoyela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakelwa kwamanzi ngomfutho kwenza ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo komhlaba ongaphezulu ngokuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kusuka emigodini eminingi endaweni eyodwa, kunciphisa umthelela wezemvelo wezinto zokubhola. Lobu buchwepheshe buphinde babambe iqhaza ekuphepheni kwamandla emazweni amaningi ngokunciphisa ukuncika emafutheni angaphandle. Emazweni anezinsiza eziningi zoshale, ukufakelwa kwamafutha ngomfutho kumele indlela eya ekuziqaleleni kwamandla okukhulu nokukhula komnotho. Imiphumela yokudlondlobala iye esikhundleni sokudala imisebenzi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezingqalasizinda, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kulo lonke uchungechunge lwamandla kawoyela negesi.

Impumelelo yanoma yikuphi ukusebenza kokuhlukanisa kuncike ekufezeni ngokunembayo kwezindlela eziningana ezixhumene, ngayinye ilungiselelwe izici ezithile zokwakheka okuhlosiwe. Isinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile ukulungiswa komthombo, okuhlanganisa ukuguguleka komthombo, ukugijima kwe-casing, nokuyibeka ngosimende ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo. Uma umthombo usulungile, izibhamu zokubhoboza zigijima ukudala izimbobo ezincane ngokusebenzisa i-casing nosimende, okudala ukuxhumana phakathi komthombo nokwakheka. Isigaba sangempela sokuhlukanisa siqala ngokujova uketshezi lwe-pad—ngokuvamile uketshezi olune-viscosity ephansi—ngesivinini esanele ukuze kuphuke idwala kuqale ukuhlukana. Lokhu kulandelwa yisikhwepha esigcwele i-proppant esithwala izinhlayiya eziqinile, ngokuvamile isihlabathi noma ubuhlalu be-ceramic, emihlakweni ukuze ibagcine ivulekile ngemuva kokukhululwa kwengcindezi yokumpompa. Ukukhethwa kwezinto ze-proppant kuyisinqumo esibalulekile esithonya ngqo ukuhamba komhlabathi nokukhiqiza komthombo wesikhathi eside. Imisebenzi yokuhlukanisa yesimanje ivame ukusebenzisa uketshezi lwe-slickwater ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana nokuvumela amazinga aphezulu okumpompa, noma ama-gel axhunyiwe ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthwa kwe-proppant nokudala imihlakulo ebanzi. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kusetshenziswa i-microseismic mapping kanye ne-fiber-optic sensing kuvumela abanjiniyela ukuthi balandele ukukhula komhlabathi futhi balungise amaparamitha okwelapha ngesikhathi. Ukuhlukanisa izigaba eziningi emithonjeni enezingqamuzana kuye kwaba umkhuba ojwayelekile, ngezindlela zokuhlukanisa ezifana ne-plug-and-perf noma ama-sliding sleeves avumela amashumi ezigaba ukuthi ziphathwe ngawodwana. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-advanced data analytics kanye ne-machine learning ekwakhiweni kokuhlukanisa manje kusiza abasebenzisi ukuthi balungise isikhala sesigaba, ukusebenza kahle kwe-cluster, kanye nokwakheka koketshezi. Indlela ngayinye yokuhlukanisa kufanele ikhethwe futhi yenziwe ngokucophelela ukuze ihambisane nezici eziyingqayizivele ze-geomechanical zesizinda, futhi ngisho nokuhlukana okuncane kungathonya kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokubuyisa.

Phakathi kwezinto eziningi eziguquguqukayo ekwakhiweni kwe-hydraulic fracturing, ukukhethwa kwe-proppant kungenzeka kube okunye okunomthelela omkhulu ekufezeni ukukhiqizwa okuzinzile. Ama-proppant kumele akwazi ukubekezelela ingcindezi ephezulu yokuvala, ukumelana nokuchotshozwa, futhi agcine ukusatshalaliswa okungaguquki kosayizi wezinhlayiya ukuze kugcinwe ukungena kwe-fracture kukho konke ukuphila komthombo. Isihlabathi sikasika esenziwe ngemvelo sihlala siyisisekelo esisetshenziswa kakhulu, ngenxa yezindleko zaso eziphansi kanye nokutholakala kwaso, kodwa sinemikhawulo emithonjeni ejulile enengcindezi yokuvala ephezulu. Ama-proppant e-ceramic anikeza amandla aphezulu kanye nokuba yindilinga, okwenza alungele izakhiwo ezinengcindezi ephezulu lapho ukudlulisela kwe-fracture kubaluleke kakhulu. Ama-proppant ahlanganiswe nge-resin ahlinzeka ngesisombululo esiphakathi, ehlanganisa amandla athuthukisiwe nokunciphisa ukubuyela kokugeleza kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezinhlayiya ezincane. Ukuthambekela emithonjeni emide eseceleni kanye nokuhlelwa okuqinile kwokuqedela sekwandise isidingo sama-proppant asezingeni eliphezulu ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okungaguquki. Abakhiqizi abahamba phambili kule ndawo, njenge河北凯源石油支撑剂有限公司, baye batshala imali enkulu emgqeni wokukhiqiza othomathikhi kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi imikhiqizo yabo ihlangabezana nezimfuneko eziyinselele zemisebenzi yokuqhekeka yesimanje. Lezi zinkampani zinikeza uhla lwezinhlobo ze-proppant—kusuka ku-ceramics elula kuya ezintweni eziqinile ezisekelwe ku-bauxite—futhi zinikeza izixazululo ezenziwe ngendlela efaneleabathwali abanezinselelo ezihlukile zamachibi. Isinqumo sokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwe-proppant sihlanganisa ukulinganisa izindleko ngokumelene nokuthuthuka okulindelekile ekwenzeni kahle kwe-fracture conductivity, futhi abathwali bayanda ukuthembela ekuhlolweni kwelabhorethri nasekuqageleni ukuze baqondise ukukhetha kwabo.

Izinkampani zamandla ezamukela ukuqhekeka ngamanzi zithola inzuzo enkulu yokuncintisana ngokuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho wemigodi nokuguquguquka kokusebenza. Inzuzo esheshayo ukwanda okukhulu kwezinga lokukhiqiza lokuqala, okusheshisa izikhathi zokukhokhelwa kabusha futhi kuthuthukise inani lamanje lenethi yokutshalwa kwezimali ezimayeleni. Imigodi eqhekekile ivamise ukubuyisa amaphesenti aphezulu kawoyela wokuqala endaweni uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqedwa okungakhuthazwanga, okwelula impilo yezomnotho yezindawo zemithombo iminyaka eminingana. Amandla okumba imigodi emide futhi uyiqedele ngezinyathelo zokuqhekeka eziningi avumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafinyelele izindawo ezinkulu zokudonsa kusuka endaweni eyodwa engaphezulu, kunciphisa izindleko zemali kanye nezindleko zokusebenza nge-barrel. Ubuchwepheshe futhi buvumela izinkampani ukuthi zikhiqize uwoyela ezindaweni ezazibhekwa njengezingananzuzo ngaphambili, ngaleyo ndlela sandise isisekelo sabo sezinsiza kanye nokuhlukahluka kwephothifoliyo. Ezingxenyeni ezivuthiwe, ukuqhekeka kabusha kwemigodi endala kube yindlela esebenza kahle kwezindleko yokubuyisela amazinga okukhiqiza nokuthola izinsiza ezidlulisiwe ngaphandle kwezindleko zokumba okusha. Ukukala kokusebenza kokuqhekeka kusho ukuthi izinkampani zingalungisa amazinga azo omsebenzi ngokushesha ngokuphendula izimo zemakethe, zikhuphule ukukhiqiza lapho amanani ethandeka futhi zinciphise lapho kudingeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imininingwane eningi yokusebenza kokuqhekeka kwesimanje ihlinzeka ngokuqonda okubalulekile ngendlela yokuziphatha kwemithombo engasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa imiklamo emisha yemigodi. Izinkampani ezitshala imali ekwakheni ubuchwepheshe bangaphakathi ekusebenzeni kokuqhekeka zivame ukuthuthukisa umkhawulo wokuncintisana okunzima ukuthi izimbangi ziphindaphinde. Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqhekeka nezixazululo zedijithali zamafutha—njengokuqapha okungaphansi komhlaba ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokulawulwa okuzenzakalelayo kokumpompa—kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle futhi kunciphisa isikhathi esingakhiqiziyo.

Njengoba i-hydraulic fracturing isabalale emhlabeni wonke, ibuye yabonisa ukunakwa okukhulu maqondana nemithelela yayo engaba khona emvelweni, futhi abasebenzi abanomthwalo wemfanelo kumele babhekane nalezi zinkinga ngendlela enobuhlakani. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kungenye yezinkinga ezivame ukukhulunywa, njengoba umsebenzi ojwayelekile wokuhlukanisa izigaba eziningi ungadinga amagaloni amanzi ayizigidi ezimbalwa umthombo ngamunye. Imboni iphendule ngokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha kwamanzi, ukusebenzisa amanzi anosawoti noma amanzi akhiqiziwe njengezinye izindlela zamanzi ahlanzekile, kanye nokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezivalekile ezinciphisa izidingo zokulahla amanzi. Izithako zamakhemikhali emanzini okuhlukanisa nazo ziye zaba yisikhungo sokukhathazeka komphakathi, yize ngokuvamile zenza ngaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa kwevolumu ephelele futhi zilawulwa izidingo zokudalula ezindaweni eziningi. Ukukhishwa kwe-methane kusuka ekuqedweni kwemithombo kanye nemisebenzi yokubuyisa amanzi kungenye indawo yokuhlola, okubangela ukwamukelwa kwezindlela zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kanye namayunithi okubuyisa umusi ukuze kubanjwe igesi ebalekayo. Ukuzamazama komhlaba okubangelwa, yize kungavamile kakhulu, kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nokulahla amanzi akhiqiziwe emithonjeni yokujova ejulile, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokuqapha kanye nemihlahlandlela yokubeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-hydraulic fracturing iye yaba nomthelela ekushintsheni kusuka emalahleni kuya ku-gesi yemvelo ekukhiqizeni ugesi, okuholele ekunciphisweni okukhulu kokukhishwa kwegesi elibangela umphumela wokushisa komhlaba ezifundeni eziningi. Imboni yenze inqubekela phambili ebalulekile ekunciphiseni indawo engaphezulu yokusebenza kokuhlukanisa ngokusebenzisa ukugawula okuyindilinga, amabhethri ezitsha ezindaweni ezimaphakathi, kanye nezindlela zokugawula ezihambayo. Izinkampani ezizibophezele ekunakekeleni imvelo nazo zitshala ezinhlelweni zokuqapha amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, izinhlelo zokubuyisela izindawo zemvelo, kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokubandakanya umphakathi ukuze zakhe ukwethenjwa nababambiqhaza bendawo. Izinhlaka zokulawula ziyaqhubeka nokushintsha, futhi abasebenzi abenza okungaphezu kwezidingo ezingezansi bazoba sesikhundleni esingcono sokugcina ilayisensi yabo yokusebenza emphakathini.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemisebenzi yokuqhekeka (fracturing operations) nemiphakathi ezungezileyo budinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela, njengoba izinkathazo zendawo ezihlobene nomsindo, ithrafikhi, ikhwalithi yomoya, nezinsiza zamanzi zingathinta izikhathi zezimvume nokwenzeka kwephrojekthi. Iziqondiso ezinhle kakhulu zihlanganisa ukwenza izifundo eziphelele zokuqala ngaphambi kokuba kuqale imisebenzi, ukugcina ukuxhumana okucacile nabangumnikazi bomhlaba nezikhulu zendawo, nokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokunciphisa njengezivikelo zomsindo, ukulawula uthuli, nezinhlelo zokuphatha ithrafikhi. Izinzuzo zezomnotho zemisebenzi yokuqhekeka—kuhlanganisa izinkokhelo zobukhosi (royalty payments), ukuqashwa kwabantu bendawo, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwezinsiza—kungakha ukwesekwa okuqinile komphakathi uma kuxhunyaniswa kahle. Noma kunjalo, noma yikuphi ukwehluleka ekuqinisweni komsebenzi kungashesha ukuchitha ukwethembana komphakathi, kwenze kube kubalulekile ukuthi izinkampani zigcine amazinga aphezulu kuzo zonke izici zemisebenzi yazo yokuqhekeka. Imboni yamukela kakhulu izinhlaka ezijwayelekile zokubika kanye nezitifiketi ezivela eceleni ukuze ibonise izindlela eziphethe. Abaningi abasebenzisi manje bashicilela imibiko enemininingwane yezemvelo, yomphakathi, kanye nokuphatha (ESG reports) ekhombisa ukusebenza kwabo kumametrici abalulekile ahlobene nokuphathwa kwamanzi, ukukhishwa, kanye nokubandakanyeka komphakathi. Ngokuthatha indlela eqhubekayo ekugcinweni kwemvelo, izinkampani zamandla zinganciphisa ingozi yemithetho futhi zakhe ubudlelwano obuhlala njalo nemiphakathi lapho zisebenza khona.

Njengomkhiqizi ohamba phambili wezinto zokusekela ezisezingeni eliphezulu embonini kawoyela negesi, 河北凯源石油支撑剂有限公司iye yazibeka njengomlingani obalulekileyo kubasebenzisi abafuna ukwenza ngcono imiphumela yabo ye-hydraulic fracturing. Izindawo zokukhiqiza zesimanje zenkampani zisebenzisa izinqubo ezizenzakalelayo ngokuphelele eziqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo engaguquki, ukusatshalaliswa okucacile kwosayizi wezinhlayiya, kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini kuwo wonke ama-batch. Iphothifoliyo yomkhiqizo ka-Hebei Kaiyuan ihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi ze-proppant, kusukela kuma-proppant ceramic alula ezicelo ezimaphakathi kuya ezintweni eziqinile ezisekelwe ebauxite eziklanyelwe izimo ezinzima kakhulu phansi komhlaba. Umkhiqizo ngamunye udlula ukuhlolwa okuqinile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukumelana nokugqashuka, ukuncibilika ku-acid, ukungcola, nokudlulisa ukuze uhlangabezane noma udlule amazinga emboni afana ne-API RP 19C ne-ISO 13503-2. Ukuzibophezela kwenkampani ekucwaningeni nasekuthuthukisweni, okugqanyiswe ku-Ikhasi le-R&D, kuholela ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo ekusebenzeni kwe-proppant nasekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela ezintsha ezihambisana nezindlela ezintsha zokwenza i-fracturing. I-Hebei Kaiyuan iphinde inikeze ukwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe okuphelele ukusiza amaklayenti akhethe uhlobo oluhle kakhulu lwe-proppant ezimweni zawo ezithile zamachibi, kucatshangelwa izinto ezifana nokucindezela kwesivalo, izinga lokushisa, kanye ne-fracture conductivity oyifunayo. Yabo ikhathalogi yemikhiqizokuhlanganisa kokubili ukwakheka okujwayelekile nokwezifiso, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi balungise imiklamo yabo yokuqedela ukuze bathole okuningi. Ngokuhlanganisa amakhono akhiqizayo athuthukisiwe ngolwazi olunzulu emisebenzini yokuqhekeka, iHebei Kaiyuan idlala indima ebalulekile ekusizeni izinkampani zamandla ukuthi zifinyelele amazinga aphezulu okukhiqiza kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Ukugxila kwenkampani ekuqhakazeni nasekuhlakuleleni kuhambisana kakhulu nesidingo esikhulayo embonini sama-proppants enziwa kahle kakhulu angamelana nezimo ezinzima ezitholakala emachibini ajulile nasemajulwini kakhulu. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokuqhekeka ngamanzi buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, iHebei Kaiyuan ihlala ingaphambili ekuthuthukisweni kwe-proppant, isekela ushintsho lomkhakha olubheke ezindleleni zokukhipha ezisebenza kahle futhi ezisimeme.

I-hydraulic fracturing isishintshe kakhulu indlela yokukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli emhlabeni wonke, yenze izinsiza ezingafinyeleleki ngaphambili zibe izinto ezingathengiseka ngokomnotho futhi zinikeze izinkampani zamandla amathuluzi anamandla okwenza kahle ukusebenza kwemigodi. Ukubaluleka kobuchwepheshe kuzokhula kuphela njengoba izindawo ezivamile ziqhubeka nokuphela futhi isidingo samandla siyanda emhlabeni wonke. Izinto ezizayo kwezobuchwepheshe bokufakelwa cishe zizogxila ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle, ukunciphisa umthelela emvelweni, nokwandisa uhla lwezindawo ezingakhiqizwa ngokomnotho. Ukuqhubeka kwezinto zokuxilonga ngesikhathi sangempela, njengokubona umsindo ohambayo kanye nama-microseismic arrays angaphansi komhlaba, kuzovumela ukubekwa okucacile kwezimbobo nokuqonda okungcono kwezindawo. Ukuhlanganiswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nokufunda komshini ekwakhiweni nasekusebenziseni ukufakelwa kuthembisa ukusheshisa imijikelezo yokwenza kahle nokuthuthukisa ukungaguquguquki ezinhlelweni ezinkulu zokuthuthukisa. Ukuphathwa kwamanzi kuzohlala kuyinto ebalulekile, ngokuqanjwa okusha ekugayeni kabusha, ukwelashwa, kanye nezinhlobo ezihlukile zokufakelwa okusiza ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile kanye namanani okulahla. Ubuchwepheshe be-Proppant buzoqhubeka nokuqhubeka, nabakhiqizi abafana no河北凯源石油支撑剂有限公司ukuthuthukisa izinto eziqinile, ezilula, futhi ezihambisa ugesi kangcono ezivumela ukusebenza okungcono ezindaweni eziyinselele. Imboni iphinde ihlole amandla okwephula izinto ezizosetshenziswa kwezinye izinto ezingezona ezamafutha, okubandakanya izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe ze-geothermal kanye nokubanjwa nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni. Njengoba imithetho ivuthwa futhi ukuqonda komphakathi kuthuthuka, i-hydraulic fracturing izoba ithuluzi elibalulekile emandleni omhlaba iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Izinkampani zamandla ezitshala imali ekuthuthukiseni amakhono azo okwephula izinto, ezibambisana nabathengisi abahlonishwayo, futhi zamukela izindlela ezingcono kakhulu ekunakekeleni imvelo zizoba sesimweni esihle kakhulu sokuphumelela kule ndawo eguquguqukayo neqhudelanayo.