Ukucwengwa kukaphethiloli kungenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezimboni emhlabeni wanamuhla, iguqule uwoyela oluhlaza lube yizinsiza zokubasa, amafutha okugcoba, kanye nezinto zokwakha amakhemikhali ezisebenzisa umnotho womhlaba. Inqubo kaphethiloli iqala ejulile ngaphansi komhlaba, lapho ukwakheka kukaphethiloli kwenzeka iminyaka eyizigidi ngokuhlakazeka kwezinto eziphilayo ngaphansi kokushisa okukhulu nengcindezi. Ngaphandle kokucwengwa, uwoyela oluhlaza njengoba uphuma emhlabeni unokusetshenziswa okuqondile okulinganiselwe; kuyingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yama-hydrocarbon, izinhlanganisela zesulfure, amaminerali, nezinye izinto ezingcolile okumele zihlukaniswe futhi ziphathwe ukuze kwakhiwe imikhiqizo eyigugu. Inhloso yokucwengwa ukuhlukanisa la ma-hydrocarbon abe izingxenye eziwusizo, ukususa izinto ezingcolile, nokuguqula amamolekyuli amakhulu abe amancane, afunwa kakhulu. Lesi sigaba sokuqala sibeka isisekelo sokuqonda ukuthi uwoyela oluhlaza uba kanjani uphethiloli, uwoyela kadizili, uphethiloli wezindiza, uwoyela wokubasa izindlu, kanye nezigidi zezinye izinto ezibalulekile empilweni yansuku zonke kanye nemisebenzi yezimboni. Ezinkampanini emkhakheni kawoyela negesi, ukuqonda okuqinile kwezisekelo zokucwengwa kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nezixhumanisi zokuhlinzekwa, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, namasu emakethe.

I-refinery iyisikhungo sezimboni esikhulu kakhulu futhi esihlanganiswe kakhulu esiklanyelwe ukucubungula uwoyela oluhlaza ube yimikhiqizo eqediwe eminingi. Lezi zikhungo aziyona nje izitshalo zokudiliza; izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zama-reactor, izihlukanisi, iziphathisi, namayunithi okuhlanganisa asebenza ndawonye ukuze kwandiswe inani lejini ngalinye eliluhlaza. Imikhiqizo eyenziwa ku-refinery isukela ku-liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) ne-naphtha kuya ku-gasoline, i-kerosene, i-diesel, uwoyela wokushisa, i-asphalt, kanye ne-petrochemical intermediates ezifana ne-ethylene ne-propylene. Ama-refinery akhiqiza futhi izinto ezikhethekile zokukhiqiza amaplastiki, izintambo ezenziweyo, izihlanza, kanye nomanyolo. Ubukhulu obukhulu be-refinery evamile buyamangalisa, kanti ezinye zikwazi ukucubungula ama-barrel angaphezu kuka-500,000 kawoyela oluhlaza ngosuku. Ukuqonda ukuthi i-refinery iyini kanye nobubanzi bemikhiqizo yayo kusiza ababambiqhaza ukuba baqonde ukuthi kungani inqubo yokucubungula uwoyela ibaluleke kangaka kwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-refinery adlala indima ebalulekile ekuphepheni kwamandla esifunda, emisebenzini, nasekuqanjweni kwezobuchwepheshe ngaphakathi kwe-hydrocarbon value chain.

Umklamo we-refinery uncike kakhulu ohlotsheni lwamafutha oluzocutshungulwa kanye nemikhiqizo ezofunwa, okusho ukuthi indawo ngayinye ikhethekile ukuze ibhekane nezici ezithile zokudla. Amanye ama-refinery aklanyelwe ukucubungula uwoyela olula, olumnandi, oqukethe izinto ezimbalwa zesulfure futhi okulula ukucubungula, kanti amanye akhelwe ukubhekana no-oyela osindayo, omuncu adinga ukucubungulwa kakhulu. Umthamo we-refinery, olinganiswa ngamabhodlela ngosuku lokusakaza (BPSD), ubonisa ikhono layo lokucubungula uwoyela, kodwa umthamo wedwa awubonisi ubunzima. I-refinery enobunzima obuphezulu, evame ukulinganiswa yiNelson Complexity Index, ingakhiqiza isabelo esikhulu semikhiqizo elula enenani eliphezulu kusuka ekudleni okunzima. Ngokwesibonelo, i-refinery elula ye-hydroskimming ingakhiqiza ikakhulukazi uphethiloli kanye nedizili kusuka ku-oyela olula, kanti i-refinery eyinkimbinkimbi ye-coking ingaguqula izinsalela ezansi kwe-ibhodlela zibe izinto ezibalulekile. Lokhu okukhethekile kusho ukuthi inqubo kawoyela ihlukahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwenye i-refinery iye kwenye, kuye ngokuklama kwayo kanye nemigomo yokusebenza. Izinkampani ezibandakanyeka ezinsizeni zamasimu kawoyela, njenge-Hebei Kaiyuan Oil Proppant Co., Ltd., zinegalelo ngokungaqondile ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-refining ngokuhlinzeka ngama-proppant asezingeni eliphezulu asetshenziswa ku-hydraulic fracturing, okusiza ukugcina ukukhiqizwa kukawolintshi okuzinzile kusuka kumathangi aqinile futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte izinhlobo zikawoyela ezingena kuma-refinery. Ungahlola kabanzi mayelana nendlela la ma-proppant asekelayo imboni ephezulu ku-IKHAYAikhasi.

Inqubo yokuhlanzwa ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, ngayinye yakhelwe ukuhlukanisa, ukuguqula, nokuhlanzwa kwama-hydrocarbon. Isinyathelo sokuqala nesibaluleke kakhulu ukudistila ngomoya ovamile, lapho uwoyela oluhlaza ufudunyezwa ube ngu-350–400°C bese ungeniswa esigubazeni sokudistila. Lapha, kwenzeka ukudistila okuhlukahlukene kukawolintshi oluhlaza, kuhlukanise ingxube ibe izigaba ngokusekelwe ezingeni lokubilisa. Izigaba ezilula, njengegazi ne-naphtha, zinyukela phezulu esigubazeni, kanti izigaba ezisindayo njenge-gas oil ne-residue ziqoqana phansi. Ngemuva kokudistila ngomoya ovamile, i-residue esindayo ivame ukuthunyelwa kuyunithi yokudistila ye-vacuum ukuze kutholwe i-gas oil eyengeziwe ngaphandle kokuqhekeka kwama-hydrocarbon ngokushisa. Ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa, izinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokuguqula — okuhlanganisa ukudabuka nge-catalyst, i-hydrocracking, ne-coking — ziqhekeka izinhlayiya ezinkulu zama-hydrocarbon zibe izincane, ezibaluleke kakhulu. Inqubo yokuhlukanisa uwoyela oluhlaza ayipheli ngokudistila; iyaqhubeka ngokukhipha isixazululi, ukususa usawoti, nokomisa ukuze kususwe ukungcola. Ngayinye yalezi zigaba ilawulwa kakhulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezimfuneko zomkhiqizo namazinga emvelo. Ukuze kuqondwe yonke inqubo kawoyela oluhlaza kuya kugesi, umuntu kufanele azi ukuhlelana kwezinguquko zamakhemikhali nezomzimba ezenzeka kumayunithi amaningi, konke kuhlelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kwandiswe inani nokwenza inzuzo.

I-refinery inezinto eziningi ezibalulekile ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze kwenziwe inqubo yokucwengwa kukaphethiloli. Inhliziyo yanoma iyiphi i-refinery umbhoshongo wayo wokuhlukanisa, isitsha eside esiqondile esihlomele amathreyi noma ukupakisha okwenza ukuxhumana kwe-vapor-liquid ukuze kube nokuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo. Izinhlelo zokushisisa, okubandakanya izifudumezi nama-heat exchanger, zikhuphula izinga lokushisa likaphethiloli ukuze lifinyelele ezingeni lokuhlukanisa elidingekayo, ngokuvamile lidla amandla amaningi. Amaphampu, ama-compressor, kanye nezinethiwekhi zamapayipi zihambisa uketshezi phakathi kwamayunithi, kuyilapho izinhlelo zokulawula ziqapha izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, ukugeleza, nokwakheka ngesikhathi sangempela. Ingxenye ngayinye ephuma kumbhoshongo wokuhlukanisa inezici ezihlukile: i-naphtha ilula futhi iyashintsha, ilungele ukuhlanganiswa kukaphethiloli; i-kerosene inezinga eliphezulu lokubilisa futhi isetshenziselwa uphethiloli wezindiza; izingxenye zikadizili zinzima kakhulu futhi zisetshenziselwa izinjini zokuvutha ngokucindezela; futhi i-atmospheric residue inzima kakhulu, ngokuvamile ithunyelwa ukuze icutshungulwe kabanzi. Izici zengxenye zinquma ukwelashwa okudingekayo kwe-downstream, njengokukhipha u-sulfur, ukubuyekeza, noma i-alkylation, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezincazelo zemakethe. Ukuqonda lezi zingxenye kusiza abasebenzi nabanjiniyela ukuthi balungise kahle ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye zikadizili futhi baqinisekise ukuthi umkhiqizo ngamunye uhlangabezana namazinga aphezulu kakhulu. Ezinkampanini ezihlinzeka ngemishini noma izinsizakalo kuma-refineries, ulwazi lwezici ezinjalo lubalulekile ukuze kuqondiswe amathuba afanele, futhi kulabo abasomkhakha we-upstream njengeHebei Kaiyuan, ukuxhumana phakathi kwekhwalithi ye-proppant nokuhlinzekwa kukadizili okungaguquguquki kugcizelela indlela umkhakha kawoyela oxhumana ngayo. Funda kabanzi mayelana namakhono enkampani yethu ku-MAYELANA NATHIikhasi.

Uma inquama yokuqala kawoyela ongahluziwe ikhiqiza izigaba ezihlukene, isigaba ngasinye kumele sidlule ekucwengeni okwengeziwe ukuze sibe umkhiqizo ongadayiseka. I-Naphtha, ngokwesibonelo, ithunyelwa ku-catalytic reformer ukwandisa izinga layo le-octane futhi ikhiqize ama-aromatics ukusetshenziswa kwe-petrochemical. Izigaba zikawoyela wokugcoba (gas oil) zihlanzwa nge-hydrotreatment ukuze kususwe izinhlanganisela zesulfure ne-nitrogen, bese ziqhekekiswa ku-fluid catalytic cracking unit ukuze kukhiqizwe uphethiloli owengeziwe kanye nodizili. U-Kerosene uhlanjululwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zawo zokugeleza ebandayo nokuzinza ukuze kusetshenziswe njengophethiloli wezindiza. Izigaba ezisindayo, njenge-vacuum gas oil, zingahlanzwa nge-hydrocracking ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu ye-hydrogen ukuze kukhiqizwe udizili wekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nezinto eziyisisekelo zokugcoba. Isigaba esisele esivela ku-vacuum distillation singacutshungulwa ku-coker ukuze kukhiqizwe uwoyela we-petroleum coke kanye nezinye izinto ezicwengiweyo, noma kusetshenziswe ngokuqondile njengophethiloli wokushisa noma i-bitumen. Inqubo kawoyela ayipheli emnyango wefektri yokucwenga; ukuhlanganisa, ukugcina, nokusabalalisa kungeza ubunzima obengeziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo engaguquki kulo lonke izinkathi nezindawo. Ngokuqonda ukuthi isigaba ngasinye siyathuthukiswa kanjani, osomabhizinisi bangakwazi ukuqonda kangcono ezomnotho wokucwenga kanye nenani lezinhlobo ezahlukene zikawoyela ongahluziwe. Ukwakheka kukaphethiloli kanye nohambo lwawo olulandelayo ngokusebenzisa ifektri yokucwenga kubonisa ukuguquka okumangalisayo kusuka kumthombo wezinto zenhlabathi kuya kumkhiqizo obalulekile. Kulabo abadinga ama-proppants athuthukisa ukubuyiselwa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe, iHebei Kaiyuan inikeza uhla olubanzi lwemikhiqizo oluchazwe ku-IMIKHIQIZOikhasi.

Amafutha aphezulu anamafutha anzima abeka izinselele ezihlukile enqenqeni yokucwengwa kukaphethiloli ngenxa yokuminyana kwawo okuphezulu, ubukhulu, kanye nokugxila okuphezulu kwe-sulfur, i-nitrogen, amaminerali, kanye nama-asphaltene. Lezi zici zenza ukuhlukaniswa kube nzima kakhulu futhi zidinge izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokucubungula, ngokuvamile ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nengcindezi. Amafutha anzima avame ukuba nengxenye enkulu yezinsalela eziphekela phezulu, okusho ukuthi ukudonswa komoya okumane nje kukhiqiza ivolumu encane yemikhiqizo elula eyigugu. Ukunqoba lokhu, izindawo zokucwengwa kukaphethiloli kufanele zitshale ezinyunite zokuguqula njengama-cokers, ama-hydrocrackers, kanye nama-resid hydrotreaters, konke lokhu kwandisa izindleko zemali kanye nezokusebenza. Ubukhona bamaminerali afana ne-vanadium ne-nickel bungadala ubuthi kumakatalisi futhi bucekele phansi imishini, kuyilapho okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-sulfur kudinga i-hydrodesulfurization eyanele ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemithetho yezemvelo. Njengoba izimpahla zomhlaba wonke zamalula, amafutha aphezulu athambile ziba ngaphansi, izindawo eziningi zokucwengwa kukaphethiloli zivumelanisa izakhiwo zazo ukuze zicubungule izinto ezisetshenziswa kanzima, okwenza ikhono lokubhekana nalezi izinselele libe yinzuzo yokuncintisana. Ukuqonda ubunzima bokucwengwa kukaphethiloli anzima kubalulekile ezinkampanini ezihlela ukutshala imali ekuthuthukisweni kwezindawo zokucwengwa kukaphethiloli noma ukuxoxisana ngezinkontileka zokuhlinzekwa kukaphethiloli. I-Hebei Kaiyuan Oil Proppant Co., Ltd. isekela imboni ngokuhlinzeka ngama-proppants aqinile enza ukukhipha ngempumelelo kusuka kumachibi kawoyela anzima, iqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa okuqhubekayo kulezi zindawo zokucwengwa kukaphethiloli eziyinkimbinkimbi. YethuUcwaningo nentuthukoimizamo yokuqhubeka nokuphucula ukusebenza kwezinto zokugcwalisa ngaphansi kwezimo eziyinselele zomgodi.

Inqubo yokuhlanzwa kukaphethiloli iyisisekelo sokuphila kwesimanje kwezimboni, iguqule uwoyela oluhlaza lube yizibuyekezo nezinto ezisetshenziswa ezithuthukisa ezokuthutha, ukukhiqiza, nokukhiqiza amandla. Kusukela ekuhlukaniseni kokuqala kukaphethiloli oluhlaza kuya ekuguqulweni okuyinkimbinkimbi nasekuphathweni kwawo wonke ama-fraction, ukuhlanzwa kuyisimangaliso sobunjiniyela nekhemistri. Ukubaluleka kokuhlanzwa emakethe kawoyela akukwazi ukugcizelelwa kakhulu: kunquma inani likaphethiloli oluhlaza, kuthinta ukuhamba kwezohwebo lomhlaba wonke, futhi kubumba umgomo wamandla. Ezinkampanini ezisebenza embonini kawoyela negesi noma eduze kwayo, ukuqonda okujulile kwezimiso zokuhlanzwa kunika amandla ukuhlela okungcono kwamasu, ukuphathwa kwezingozi, nokwenza izinto ezintsha. Njengoba ushintsho lwamandla luqhubeka, izindawo zokuhlanzwa nazo ziyazivumelanisa nokukhiqiza izibuyekezo ezinekhabhoni ephansi, ama-biofuel, kanye ne-petrochemicals, ziqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwazo emhlabeni oshintshayo. Izinkampani ezinikeza okubalulekile emikhakheni ye-upstream ne-midstream, njengeHebei Kaiyuan enama-proppants ayo asebenza kahle kakhulu, zinegalelo ekusebenzeni kahle nasekuqhubekeni kwe-hydrocarbon value chain. Ukuhlola ukuthi izixazululo zethu eziqondene nawe zingazuzisa kanjani imisebenzi yakho, vakashela iwebhusayithi yethuNgokwezifisoikhasi lenkonzo.

Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngezindlela zokucwenga uwoyela, idatha yomkhakha, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, siphakamisa ukuthi ubheke imibiko enegunya evela ezinhlanganweni ezifana ne-International Energy Agency, i-U.S. Energy Information Administration, kanye ne-American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers. Amaphephandaba omkhakha afana ne-Hydrocarbon Processing kanye ne-Oil & Gas Journal ahlinzeka ngezihloko zobuchwepheshe ezibuyekezwa njalo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemakethe. Ukuze wandise ukuqonda kwakho ukukhiqizwa kukadizili kanye nendima yama-proppants ekugcineni ukukhiqizwa kwesitoreji, sicela uphequlule izinsiza ezitholakala kuwebhusayithi ye-Hebei Kaiyuan. Ukwakheka kukadizili kanye nohambo lwayo kusuka esitorejini kuye ekucwengeni kuyisihloko esithakazelisayo esihlangana ne-geology, i-chemistry, ubunjiniyela, kanye nezomnotho. Noma ngabe ungumuntu ochwepheshe wokuthenga, unjiniyela, noma umphathi webhizinisi, ukuhlala unolwazi ngendlela yokucwenga uwoyela kuzokusiza ukuthi uhambe ezindabeni ezinkulu zomhlaba wamandla.