Ukuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic kuvele njengenye yezobuchwepheshe eziguqula kakhulu emkhakheni wamandla emhlabeni wonke eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, iguqule kakhulu indlela amafutha negesi akhiwa ngayo ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Le nqubo ihilela ukujova ingxube yamanzi, isihlabathi, kanye nezinye izinto zamakhemikhali ngomfutho ophakeme ezindaweni zamadwala eziyisihlabathi ukuze kwakheke ukuqhekeka okuvumela ama-hydrocarbon abanjisiwe ukuthi ageleze kalula aye phezulu. Le ndlela ivule izindawo ezinkulu zamafutha negesi yemvelo ezazibhekwa njengezingenasidingo sokukhiqiza, okuholele ekukhuphukeni okukhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamandla asekhaya emazweni amaningi. Izinkampani ezihilelekile kulo mkhakha zincike kakhulu ezintweni zokusebenza ezikhethekile nezinto zokwakha, okuhlanganisa ne-proppants esezingeni eliphezulu egcina ukuqhekeka kuvulekile ngemuva kokuthi umfutho womjovo ukhululiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Hebei Kaiyuan Oil Proppant Co., Ltd., umkhiqizi ohamba phambili kulo mkhakha, ihlinzeka nge-proppants ebalulekile ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle nasekuphumeleleni kwemisebenzi yokuqhekeka emhlabeni wonke. Ukwamukelwa kabanzi kwe-hydraulic fracturing akukhuphulanga kuphela ukuzimela kwamandla emazweni amaningi kodwa futhi kwavusa ingxoxo ebukhali mayelana nokusimama kwayo esikhathini eside kanye nomthelela wayo emphakathini yasendaweni.

Ubuchwepheshe uqobo alubusha nhlobo, njengoba izindlela zokuhlola zokuhlakaza ziqala ngeminyaka yawo-1940, kodwa ukuhlanganiswa kwazo nokugadla okuyisilinganiso ekuqaleni kwawo-2000 kwadala ushintsho olukhulu ekukhiqizeni amandla. Imisebenzi yokuhlakaza yesimanje ingadlulela ngobude obungamakhilomitha amaningana ngamafomu e-shale, yandisa kakhulu indawo yokuxhumana nedwala futhi yandisa amazinga okuthola ama-hydrocarbon. Leli nqubekela phambili livumele amazwe afana ne-United States ukuthi ashintshe asuke ekubeni abangenisa igesi yemvelo abe abathumela ngaphandle, ashintshe izindlela zokuhweba ngamandla emhlabeni jikelele. Ubukhulu bokuhlakaza kwesimanje bumangalisayo, lapho umthombo ngamunye udinga izigidi zamagaloni amanzi namathani ezinkulungwane zezinto zokuxhasa ukuze kufezeke amazinga okukhiqiza afanele. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda okusheshayo kwalo mkhakha kuphinde kwavusa imibuzo ephuthumayo mayelana nokungcola kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, imisebenzi yokuzamazama komhlaba, kanye nomthelela omude wezemvelo wokuhlakaza okubanzi. Ukuqonda kokubili izici zobuchwepheshe kanye nemiphumela yezenhlalo nezomnotho yokuhlakaza ngamanzi kubalulekile kubenzi bezinqubomgomo, ababambiqhaza bemboni, kanye nomphakathi jikelele ngokufanayo.

Izinzuzo zezomnotho ezihambisana nokuhlolwa kwama-hydraulic zinkulu futhi ziningi, zithinta imiphakathi ezingeni lasendaweni kanye nelasezweni lonke ngokuqashwa okuqondile kanye nesikhuthazo sezomnotho esingaqondile. Ezingxenyeni lapho imisebenzi yokuhlolwa igxile khona, amathuba okuqashwa enyuke kuyo yonke imikhakha, okubandakanya izinsizakalo zokubhola, ezokuthutha, ezokukhiqiza, kanye nezokwamukela izihambi, zinikeza imali ezinzile ezinkulungwaneni zabasebenzi. Ohulumeni basekhaya baye babona ukwanda okubalulekile kwemali engenayo yentela kusuka kuntela yempahla, kuntela yokukhishwa, kanye nentela yokuthengisa eyenziwa ukungena kwabasebenzi kanye nemisebenzi ehlobene, kuxhaswa ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda, izikole, kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi. Imindeni kulezi zindawo nayo izuze ngokwanda kwamanani ezindawo kanye nemiholo ephakeme, yize lezi zinzuzo kufanele zilinganiswe nezindleko ezingaba khona njengokwanda kwethrafikhi, umsindo, kanye nomthwalo ezinsizakalweni zomphakathi. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa iyanda emikhakheni ehlinzeka ngemishini nezinto, njengabakhiqizi be-proppant njengeHebei Kaiyuan, eyakhe isithunzi esiqinile ngemikhiqizo yayo esezingeni eliphezulu ebalulekile emisebenzini yokuhlolwa ephumelelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanani aphansi kagesi aqhamuka ekwandeni kokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya ahlinzeke ngezinzuzo zezomnotho ezibanzi kubathengi kulo lonke izwe, kunciphisa izindleko zokushisa kanye nogesi ezimweni zezigidi zemindeni.

Ngokubanzi, ukwanda kwe-hydraulic fracturing kuye kwaba negalelo elikhulu ekuphepheni kwezokhuseleko lwamandla ezizwe ngokunciphisa ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwimithombo yamandla angaphandle kunye nokuzinzisa unikezelo lwamandla asekhaya ngexesha lokungazinzisi kwezopolitiko. Umphumo wokwandisa we-fracturing ubhaliwe kakhulu kwiindawo zasemaphandleni apho amathuba emisebenzi enye enomda, kunye nomsebenzi ngamnye we-fracturing uxhasa izikhundla ezongezelelweyo kwiinkonzo zoshishino lwasekhaya. Izifundo zibonise ukuba iilokishi ezinemisebenzi ye-fracturing zibonele ngokhula loqoqosho ngokukhawuleza xa kuthelekiswa nemimandla engavelisi, kunye nengeniso yomntu ngamnye ikhula ngokulinganiselayo ngamaxesha okukhula. Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo olujikelezayo lweentengo zeoli negesi kuthetha ukuba ezi ngeniso zoqoqosho zinokuba nobunzima, zikhokelela kwimijikelezo yokukhula nokubhubha eyenza icebo loluntu elihlala lihleli kunye nokuzinza kwezimali. Ngaphandle kwezi ntshintsho, igalelo lonke le-fracturing kuqoqosho lwezifunda alikho ngaphandle, kunye neebhiliyoni zeerandi zemveliso yoqoqosho eziveliswa minyaka le kwiindawo ezinkulu ezivelisayo. Imfuno yoshishino lwezinto ezikhethekileyo ezifana ne-ceramic proppants kunye nesanti egqunywe nge-resin nayo iye yakhuthaza ubugcisa kwiinkalo zokwenziwa, yenza unikezelo oluqinileyo oluxhasa ukuqhubela phambili kobuchwepheshe kwiindlela ze-fracturing.

Ngaphandle kwezinzuzo zezomnotho, i-hydraulic fracturing ibe nomthelela omkhulu wokukhathazeka mayelana nomthelela wayo ongaba khona kwekhwalithi yemvelo kanye nempilo yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi maqondana nezinsiza zamanzi kanye nokukhishwa komoya. Enye yezinkinga eziningi kakhulu ihlanganisa ingozi yokungcola kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kusuka kumadliquidli okugqekeza, aqukethe izithako zamakhemikhali ezingadlula emanzini okuphuza ngokusebenzisa izimbobo ezingalungile noma izindlela zemvelo. Izifundo eziningi ziye zaqopha amacala okudlula kukamethane emanzini eduze nezindawo zokugqekeza, nakuba izinga lapho lokhu kubonisa khona inkinga enkulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezehlakalo ezingazodwana kusamele kube yinto yokuxoxisana yesayensi eqhubekayo. Umthamo omkhulu wamanzi odingekayo kuwo wonke umsebenzi wokugqekeza uphinde ubange ukukhathazeka mayelana nokushoda kwamanzi ezindaweni ezomile, lapho ukuncintisana ngezinsiza zamanzi ahlanzekile phakathi kwabasebenzisi bezolimo, abomphakathi, nabezimboni sekuvele kunzima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulahlwa kwamanzi okugeleza kanye namanzi akhiqizwayo, aqukethe amazinga aphezulu amaminerali ancibilikile kanye nezinto zemvelo ezikhanyayo, kubonisa izinselelo ezinkulu zokuphathwa kukadoti ezidinga ukugadwa ngokucophelela. Imiphumela yekhwalithi yomoya kusuka emisebenzini yokugqekeza, kufaka phakathi ukukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi eziguquguqukayo kanye nokukhishwa kukadizili kusuka ezintweni ezisindayo, kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nezinkinga zokuphefumula emphakathini oseduze, okubangela ukubizwa kwezilawuli eziqinile zokukhishwa kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha.

Abaxhasi be-hydraulic fracturing bathi ubungozi bemvelo obuningi bungaphathwa kahle ngokuthuthukisa izindinganiso zokwakhiwa kwemigodi, izindlela ezingcono zokudalula amakhemikhali, nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokwelapha amanzi adingeka emuva, obuqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa. Imboni yenze intuthuko ebalulekile ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile ngokugayela amanzi akhiqiziwe ukuze asetshenziswe kabusha emisebenzini yokuhlakaza elandelayo, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe kokubili ukufunwa kwamanzi kanye namavolumu okulahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakwa kwesikhundla sokukhiqiza ugesi ngamalahle ngegesi yemvelo kusuka emisebenzini yokuhlakaza kuye kwaba nomthelela ekunciphisweni kwezinto ezikhipha umoya oshisayo ezifundeni eziningi, yize ukuvuza kukamethane ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokuthutha kunciphisa kancane leli nzusho. Ukuphikiswa komphakathi kuvame ukugxila ekuntuleni okubonakala kokwaziswa mayelana nezithako zamakhemikhali ezisetshenziswa emanzini okuhlakaza, kanye nokukhathazeka ngokwanda kwezimoto ezilayishwe iloli, ukungcola komsindo, kanye nokwenza izindawo zasemakhaya zibe yimboni. Ingxoxo mayelana nokuhlakaza igqamisa ukungezwani okuyisisekelo phakathi kwezinzuzo zamandla amaningi, anezindleko eziphansi kanye nesifiso sokuvikela ikhwalithi yemvelo kanye nempilo yomphakathi ezizukulwaneni zamanje nezizayo. Ukuthola indawo evumelanayo kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kwezimo zasendaweni kanye nokuzibophezela ekulawuleni okusekelwe kusayensi okubhekana nokukhathazeka okufanele ngenkathi kuvunyelwa ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla okuzwakalayo kuqhubeke.

Umkhawulo omkhulu wokucwaninga kwezemfundo ufuna ukukala imiphumela yomphakathi ye-hydraulic fracturing, unikeze imininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nokushintshana okubandakanyeka ekwandiseni ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha amandla. Izifundo ezibanzi ezihlola imiphumela yezenotho ngokuvamile zithole imiphumela emihle kumqashwa, imali engenayo, kanye nemali engenayo yentela, yize ubukhulu balezi zinzuzo buhluka kakhulu kuye ngezimo zezomnotho zasekhaya kanye nesigaba somjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kokuqhekeka. Ucwaningo ngemiphumela yezemvelo luye lwahlinzeka ngemiphumela ehlukahlukene, nezinye izifundo ziqopha ukwanda okutholakalayo ekungcolisweni komoya namanzi eduze nezindawo zokuqhekeka kanti ezinye azitholi imiphumela yezempilo ebalulekile lapho imisebenzi ilawulwa futhi iqashwa kahle. Inkinga yabenzi bezinqubomgomo ukuthi izinzuzo zokuqhekeka zihlala zigxile kubasebenzi bemboni kanye nabangewona abanikazi bomhlaba, kanti izingozi zisakazeke kabanzi emphakathini oyizungezile, kudala ukusabalala okungalingani kwezindleko nezinzuzo okwenza ukwamukelwa komphakathi kube nzima. Izifundo zakamuva ezisebenzisa izindlela zokuqapha ezithuthukisiwe zinikeze ubufakazi obucacile ngemikhiqizo ye-methane evela emisebenzini yokuqhekeka, kusiza ukucubungula izilinganiso zokugcwala kwegesi elishisayo lobuchwepheshe uma liqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli negesi evamile. Izinkampani ezitshala kwezokucwaninga nokuthuthukiswa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuqhekeka nokunciphisa imiphumela yezemvelo, njengomsebenzi oqhubekayo weHebei Kaiyuan kubuchwepheshe obuphambili be-proppant, zinikeza izinto ezintsha ezibalulekile ezingasiza ukulinganisa lezi zici ezincintisanayo.

Izifundo ezihambisana nesikhathi ezilandela imiphakathi iminyaka eminingi ziveze ukuthi izinzuzo zezomnotho zokuhlukanisa zivame ukuncipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba umsebenzi wokubhola wehlisa, kanti izinkinga zemvelo zingahlala noma zikhuphuke njengoba imithombo yobudala futhi ingqalasizinda yobudala. Lo mkhakha wesikhathi ubalulekile ukuqonda imiphumela ephelele yomjikelezo wokusebenza kokuhlukanisa nokuklama izinqubomgomo eziqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi ithola izinzuzo ezihlala njalo kunokuba kube nezimpahla zezomnotho zesikhashana ezilandelwa yizikweletu zemvelo zesikhathi eside. Ucwaningo ngemiphumela yezempilo yomphakathi eduze kwezindawo zokuhlukanisa lutholakele ukuxhumana phakathi kokusondelana nemisebenzi nokwanda kwezinga lezimo ezithile zezempilo, okubandakanya ukwanda kwe-asthma, ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene nokucindezeleka, yize ukusungula izindlela zokubangela kuhlala kunzima ngenxa yobunzima bokuchayeka kwemvelo. Izinga locwaningo ngokuphuka kuye lathuthuka kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngezinhlelo ezingcono zocwaningo, amasampula amakhulu, kanye nezindlela eziqinile zezibalo ezinikeza isisekelo esithembekile sokwenza izinqumo. Noma kunjalo, kusekhona izikhala ekuqondeni imiphumela eqongekayo yemithombo eminingi yokuhlukanisa endaweni eyodwa, kanye nesiphetho sesikhathi eside sezithako zamakhemikhali uma sezifakwe emithonjeni engaphansi komhlaba. Ukuqhubeka kokutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni oluzimele lwesayensi kubalulekile ukuze kugcwaliswe lezi zikhala zolwazi futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imithetho yokuphuka isekelwe ebufakazini obuhle kakhulu obutholakalayo kunokuba kube yizinto zezombangazwe noma ukukhulumela imboni.

Izimpendulo zomphakathi ku-hydraulic fracturing ziye zahlukahluka kusukela ekwamukelweni ngentshiseko kuya ekulweni okuqinile, ngezinga lezinga lendawo elakhiwe ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezintshisekelo zezomnotho, izindinganiso zemvelo, nokwethemba ezikhungweni zokulawula. Ezingxenyeni ezinomlando omude wokukhipha amandla kanye nezinketho ezimbalwa zezomnotho, ukuphuka kuvame ukwamukelwa njengomthombo wemisebenzi ekhokha kahle kanye nokuphila kabusha kwezomnotho okungabuyisa amashumi eminyaka okuwohloka nokulahleka kwabantu. Abanikazi bomhlaba abaqasha amalungelo abo ezimbiwa ezinkampanini zamandla bangathola izinkokhelo ezinkulu zobukhosi ezinikeza ukuphepha kwezezimali futhi zisekele amabhizinisi endawo, kudale umphakathi onentshisekelo eqondile kwezomnotho ekuqhubekeni kwemisebenzi yokuphuka. Ngokuphambene, imiphakathi ehlonipha kakhulu ikhwalithi yemvelo, ezokuvakasha, noma ezolimo ingase ibheke ukuphuka njengesithiyo endleleni yabo yokuphila kanye nesisekelo sezomnotho, okuholela emikhankasweni yokuphikisa ehlelekile kanye nezinselelo zomthetho ezimelene nentuthuko ehlongozwayo. Izinga lokwamukelwa komphakathi nalo lithonywa kakhulu ukuthi inqubo yokwenza izinqumo ibonakala ilungile kangakanani, lapho imiphakathi ezizwa ingabandakanyi ezinqumweni zokuhlela nezokuvumela ivame ukuphikisa amaphrojekthi okuphuka. Ukwethemba ezikhungweni zokulawula kanye nezinkampani zamandla kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni imibono yomphakathi, njengoba kuboniswe ucwaningo olubonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezikholelwa ukuthi abalawuli bavikela izintshisekelo zazo ngokwanele bayakusekela kakhulu ukuphuka kunezibona zibona ukuboshwa kokulawula noma ubuthakathaka bemboni.

Ukuzibandakanya okuphumelelayo emphakathini kufuna izinkampani zamandla ukuthi zitshale imali ekukhulumisaneni okucacile, izindlela zokubhekana nezikhalazo ezisheshayo, nezinzuzo zendawo ezibonakalayo njengokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda nezimali zentuthuko yomphakathi. Abanye abasebenzisi bamukele izindlela zokuzithandela ezingaphezu kwezimfuneko zomthetho, okuhlanganisa nokuhlolwa okuphelele kwamanzi okuqala, ukuqapha umoya ngesikhathi sangempela, nokudalula esidlangalaleni ukwakheka koketshezi lokufutha, okungasiza ekwakheni ukwethenjwa nasekwalokhu kunciphisa ukuphikiswa komphakathi. Umqondo "welayisensi yokusebenza yezenhlalo" usuthandwa kakhulu embonini, uqaphela ukuthi ukwamukelwa komphakathi kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele imisebenzi yokufutha esikhathini eside ngisho noma zonke izimvume zomthetho sezitholakele. Imidala yendawo kanye nemithetho yokuhlela izindawo sekuwumango obalulekile lapho imiphakathi igcizelela khona izintandokazi zayo maqondana nomsebenzi wokufutha, kanti omunye omkhandlu ubeka izinyathelo zokumisa noma ukuvinjelwa ngqo naphezu kwemizamo yomkhakha wamandla yokulawula ezingeni lesifunda. Ukwehlukahlukana kwezimpendulo zomphakathi kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokwenza amasu okuzibandakanya avumelane nesimo sendawo kunokusebenzisa indlela eyodwa kuwo wonke ubudlelwano nababambiqhaza. Izinhlelo zemfundo ezinikeza ulwazi olulinganiselayo, olusekelwe kusayensi mayelana nezingozi nezinzuzo zokufutha zingasiza imiphakathi ukuthi yenze izinqumo ezinolwazi ezibonisa izindinganiso nezinto ezibalulekile zayo.

Njengoba i-hydraulic fracturing iqhubeka nokuba nendima enkulu ezindabeni zamandla emhlabeni, isidingo sokuhlola okulinganiselayo, okusekelwe ebufakazini okucabangela izinzuzo zayo zezomnotho kanye nemiphumela engaba khona ayikaze ibe yinto ephuthumayo kubenzi bezinqubomgomo nababambiqhaza. Ubuchwepheshe buletha izinzuzo ezicacile ngokwezokuphepha kwamandla, ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi, nokukhula komnotho, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ebezilokhu zibhekene nezinselelo ezimweni ezilinganiselwe zezomnotho kanye namazinga aphezulu okungasebenzi. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinkathazo ezisemthethweni mayelana nekhwalithi yamanzi, ukukhishwa komoya, ukuphazamiseka komphakathi, kanye nemiphumela yesikhathi eside yemvelo akumele zishaywe indala futhi zidinga ukunakwa okungokomthetho kanye nokuqhubeka kobuchwepheshe obusha. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo kufanele kusekelwe ocwaningweni oluqinile lwesayensi olubala izinhlobonhlobo zendawo ze-geology, i-hydrology, izici zomphakathi, kanye nezakhiwo zomthetho, kugwenywe izixazululo ezifanayo zonke ezingafanele izimo ezithile. Izinkampani ezibonisa ubuholi ezindleleni zokuhlakula eziphephile, ukunakekelwa kwemvelo, kanye nokubandakanyeka komphakathi zibekwe kahle ukuze zigcine ilayisensi yazo yokusebenza futhi zibe nomthelela omuhle emphakathini lapho zisebenza khona. Indlela ebheke phambili idinga ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwezimboni, abalawuli, ososayensi, namalungu omphakathi ukuze kuthuthukiswe izindlela zokuphatha eziguquguqukayo ezingaphendula olwazini olusha nezimo eziguqukayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izincwadi zezemfundo nge-hydraulic fracturing zikhule kakhulu emashumini eminyaka adlule, zinikeza izinsiza eziningi kubantu abafuna ukuqonda imithelela ehlukahlukene yalo mbhalo emphakathini, kwezomnotho, nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Izifundo ezibalulekile ezishicilelwe kumagazini ahamba phambili njenge-Environmental Science & Technology kanye ne-Journal of Economic Perspectives zihlolisise konke kusukela ezingozini zokungcola kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuya emiphumeleni ye-macroeconomic ye-shale revolution, zinikeza idatha ye-quantitative kanye nemininingwane ye-qualitative. Kulabo abanesithakazelo ezicini zobuchwepheshe zemisebenzi yokufakelwa, izincwadi ezivela ku-Society of Petroleum Engineers zinikeza izindaba ezinemininingwane zezindlela zokuqedela imithombo, izici zokusebenza kwe-proppant, kanye nentuthuko ekhemistrini yokufakelwa. Izinhlangano zezimboni kanye nama-think tanks nazo zikhiqiza imibiko ewusizo ehlobanisa ulwazi lwamanje futhi zibonise izindlela ezinhle kakhulu zentuthuko efakelwe ngokuziphendulela, ngokuvamile zifaka izindaba ezibonisa izindlela eziphumelelayo zokubandakanya umphakathi nokuphathwa kwezemvelo. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Hebei Kaiyuan zinegalelo kulwazi ngokusebenzisa imizamo yazo eqhubekayo yocwaningo nentuthuko egxile ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi ye-proppant nokusebenza kahle, njengoba kubhalwe ku-Ucwaningo Nokuthuthukiswa ikhasi. Ingxoxo ebanzi mayelana nokugqobhoza ngamandla amanzi iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka njengoba kuvela ucwaningo olusha, futhi ukuhlala unolwazi kufuna ukubonisana njalo nemibhalo ehlolwe ontanga, imibiko kahulumeni, kanye nezincwadi zemboni ezinikeza imibono ehlukahlukene ngalesi sihloko esiyinkimbinkimbi.

Izingqungquthela, izindawana zemihlangano, nezinkulumo zomphakathi ezigxile ekuhlukaniseni ngamandla amanzi (hydraulic fracturing) zinikeza amathuba abalulekile okushintshana ngolwazi, ukuxhumana, nokuthola ucwaningo olusezingeni eliphezulu olungazisa kokubili umkhuba wezimboni kanye nenqubomgomo yokulawula. Imicimbi emikhulu yezimboni njenge-SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference kanye ne-Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition ihlanganisa onjiniyela, ososayensi bomhlaba, abasebenzisi, kanye nabafundisi ukuze baxoxe ngezinto ezintsha kakhulu ezindleleni zokuhlukanisa, ubuchwepheshe be-proppant, kanye nezindlela zokuvuselela imithombo. Izinkulumo zemfundo ezihlelwa ngamanyuvesi kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo zivame ukuba nezethulo ezimayelana nezici zemvelo nezenhlalo zokuhlukanisa, okuhlanganisa nemiphumela yakamuva ekuhlolweni kwekhwalithi yamanzi, izifundo zezempilo yomphakathi, kanye nokuhlaziywa komthelela wezomnotho. Ama-webinar kanye nezindawana zemihlangano eziku-inthanethi seziye zanda kakhulu, zinikeza izinkundla ezifinyelelekayo ukuze abafundisi bashintshane ngocwaningo lwabo nezilaleli ezibanzi futhi babandakanyeke ezingxoxweni nababambiqhaza abavela kwezihlukahlukene. Imininingwane evela kubafundisi abahamba phambili igcizelela njalo ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa izinto zobuchwepheshe, zezomnotho, nezenhlalo ezinqubeni zokuhlukanisa, kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla okusimeme kufuna ukulinganisa izinhloso eziningi ezincintisanayo. Ezinkampanini ezibandakanyeka ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa lokuhlukanisa, ukuhlala unolwazi ngale mininingwane kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe inzuzo yokuncintisana futhi kuboniswe ukuzibophezela ezindleleni eziphethe, njengoba kuboniswa ukuzinikela kwe-Hebei Kaiyuan ekuqeqesheni nasekuqaliseni izinto ezintsha okwethulwe kuwo.IKHAYA ikhasi futhi MAYELANA NATHI ikhasi. Ukushintshana okuqhubekayo kwemibono ngale micimbi nezincwadi kuqinisekisa ukuthi imboni yokugqobhoza iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ngezindlela ezandisa izinzuzo ngenkathi kuncishiswa izingozi emphakathini kanye nemvelo.