Umhlaba wanamuhla usebenza ngepetroli, okuyingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yama-hydrocarbon enika amandla izimoto, efudumeza izindlu, futhi isebenza njengesisekelo semikhiqizo eminingi engabalwanga. Ukuqonda inqubo kapetroli kusukela ekwakhekeni kwayo kwemvelo ejulile ngaphansi komhlaba kuya kumafutha acwengisiwe namakhemikhali esiwasebenzisa nsuku zonke kubalulekile kochwepheshe emkhakheni wezenergy, ukukhiqiza, kanye neminye imikhakha ehlobene. Inqubo kapetroli ihlanganisa izigaba eziningana ezibalulekile, ngayinye idinga ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile, ulwazi, nemishini ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha. Kusukela ekuhloleni kokuqala kwezindawo ezingase zibe namatshe akhiqizayo kuya ekusatshalalisweni kokugcina kwemikhiqizo ecwengisiwe, inqubo kapetroli iyisimangaliso sobunjiniyela besimanje nesayensi. Izinkampani ezihilelekile kule nethiwekhi yenzuzo kufanele zihlale zihambisana nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe kanye nezimo zemakethe ukuze zihlale zincintisana futhi zizinzile. Imboni kapetroli ayigcini nje ngokunika amandla umnotho womhlaba wonke kodwa futhi inikeza imisebenzi ezigidini zabantu emhlabeni wonke futhi iqhubekisela phambili ubuchwepheshe emikhakheni esukela ku-geophysics kuya ku-chemical engineering. Njengoba sihlola inqubo kapetroli, sizovula izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zokukhipha, ukuthutha, nokucwenga okwenza amandla esimanje abe khona.

Ukwakheka kukaphethiloli yinqubo yemvelo ethatha iminyaka eyizigidi, iqala ngokuqoqeka kwezinto eziphilayo ezindaweni zasolwandle zasendulo. Lezi zinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi i-plankton nama-algae, ziyafa phansi kolwandle bese zingcwatshwa ngaphansi kwezendlalelo zenhlabathi ezikhathini eziningi zeminyaka. Ukwakheka kukaphethiloli kudinga izimo ezithile zokushisa nomfutho, ezaziwa ngokuthi "i-oil window," lapho izinto eziphilayo ziguquka zibe yi-kerogen futhi ekugcineni zibe ama-hydrocarbon anamanzi. Ngesikhathi sokwakheka kukaphethiloli, itshe lomthombo libhekana nokuvuthwa okushisayo njengoba lingcwatshwa lijule kakhulu, ngokuvamile phakathi kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili nezinkulungwane ezine ngaphansi komhlaba. Ukwakheka kukaphethiloli kuphinde kuhilele ukuthuthelwa kwala ma-hydrocarbon ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo zamatshe ezinezingqimba kuze kube yilapho eboshwa ematsheni okugcina ngaphansi kwamatshe angangeniwo amanzi. Ukuqonda ukwakheka kukaphethiloli kubaluleke kakhulu kubachwepheshe bezemayelana nokuhlola imvelo abasebenzisa izithombe ze-seismic nokuhlaziywa kwe-geochemical ukuthola izindawo ezingaba khona zikaphethiloli ezinezinga eliphakeme lokuthengiswa. Ngaphandle kokuqonda kahle ukwakheka kukaphethiloli, kungaba yinto engenakwenzeka ukubikezela ukuthi zingakanani iziqukathi ezinkulu zikaphethiloli ezingatholwa futhi zikhiqizwe ngendlela enenzuzo.

Uma isiqongqothelana samafutha esisebenza sesitholakele, isigaba esilandelayo senqubo kaphethiloli ukukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe, okubandakanya ukugawulwa kwemigodi nokulethwa kukaphethiloli ebusweni kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene eziyiklanyelwe. Izindlela zokukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe ziguquke kakhulu eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, zihamba kusuka emigodini elula eqondile ziye ekugawuleni okuyinkimbinkimbi okuyisiqondiso nokuvundlile okungafinyelela izindawo eziningi zesigongqothelana kusuka endaweni eyodwa. Indlela eyinhloko yokukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe ukubuyiselwa kokuqala, lapho ingcindezi yemvelo yesiqongqothelana iphoqa uwoyela ebusweni ngomgodi womgodi ngaphandle kokudinga okungeziwe kwamandla. Lapho le ngcindezi yemvelo yehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindlela zokubuyiselwa kwesibili njengokugcwaliswa ngamanzi noma ukujova igesi zisetshenziswa ukugcina amazinga okukhiqiza nokwelula impilo yokukhiqiza yenkundla. Ezindaweni eziyinselele kakhulu, izindlela zokubuyiselwa kukaphethiloli ezithuthukisiwe ezihlanganisa ukujova okushisayo, ukugcwaliswa ngamakhemikhali, nokujova igesi ehlangene zisetshenziswa ukuhambisa nokukhipha uwoyela ongahlala uboshwe emgodini wamatshwayo.

Ingxenye ebalulekile yokukhipha uwoyela ongahluziwe wesimanje, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziqinile njenge-shale, ukuhlukumeza ngamanzi (hydraulic fracturing), okudala amanethiwekhi emifantu edwaleni le-reservoir ukuze uwoyela uphumelele kancane ngase-wellbore. Ngesikhathi sokuhlukumeza ngamanzi, ama-proppants asetshenziselwa ukuvula le mifantu ngokumelene nomfutho omkhulu womhlaba okuzungezile, futhi ama-proppants asezingeni eliphezulu abalulekile empumelelweni yesikhathi eside yalo msebenzi. Izinkampani ezifana no-IMIKHIQIZOkuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni izinto eziphambili zobumba nezicwecwe ngeresini ezithuthukisa ukudlulisela nokuhlala isikhathi eside kwezimbotshana ezindaweni ezahlukene zamachibi. Isigaba sokukhipha uwoyela osindayo sibiza kakhulu futhi sidinga ukuhlaziywa okucophelelayo kwezintaba-mlilo, ubunjiniyela obunembayo, nezinqubo eziqinile zokuphepha ukuze kutholwe izinsiza eziningi kakhulu ngenkathi kuncishiswa ukuphazamiseka komhlaba. Ukuqhubeka kobuchwepheshe bokukhipha uwoyela osindayo kuyaqhubeka nokuvula izindawo ezingafinyeleleki ngaphambili, kwandisa impilo yokukhiqiza yamachibi kawoyela futhi kunikele ngendlela enengqondo ekuphepheni kwamandla omhlaba kanye nokuzinza kokuhlinzekwa.

Ngemuva kokukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli oluhlaza ngempumelelo, uwoyela okhiqiziwe kufanele uthunyelwe ukusuka endaweni yomthombo uye ezindaweni lapho ugaywa khona ukuze uguqulwe ube imikhiqizo ewusizo kubathengi bokugcina emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuthunyelwa kukaphethiloli oluhlaza kuwumsebenzi ohlelekile oyinkimbinkimbi osusa imishayo, imikhumbi ethwala uwoyela, izitimela, namaloli kuye ngokwezwe, umthamo, nebanga okufanele lihanjwe ukuze kufinyelelwe lapho kuyiwa khona. Imishayo iyindlela engabizi kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo yokuthutha imithamo emikhulu kaphethiloli oluhlaza ezindaweni ezisemhlabeni, enezinhlelo ezibanzi ezidlula izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha emazweni futhi ezixhumanisa izindawo zokukhiqiza nezindawo zokugaya. Ezokuhweba kwamanye amazwe, uwoyela oluhlaza ulayishwa emikhunjini emikhulu ethwala izigidi zamabhalari kawoyela emadwaleni ukuya ezindaweni zokugaya ezitholakala emazweni namazwekazi ahlukene. Ukuthunyelwa kukaphethiloli oluhlaza kudinga izimiso eziqinile zokuphepha, ukuqapha njalo, nokulungela ukuphendula ezimweni eziphuthumayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuza okungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kwezemvelo. Iziteshi zokugcina kanye nezindawo zamathangi zisebenza njengezindawo ezibalulekile engozini yokuthutha, okuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zikaphethiloli oluhlaza futhi kunikeze amandla okugcina ukuze kulawulwe ukushintshashintsha kokunikezwa nokufunwa. Yonke inqubo kaphethiloli incike engqalasizinda yokuthutha ethembekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba okuqhubekayo nokulindelekile kukaphethiloli oluhlaza ezindaweni zokugaya futhi ekugcineni ezimakethe ezincikile emikhiqizweni kaphethiloli.

Inqubo yokuhlanzwa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe yiyona lapho kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe okwenziwa khona imikhiqizo ebalulekile njenge-gasoline, u-diesel, uwoyela wezindiza, uwoyela wokushisa, ama-lubricant, kanye nezinto zokwakha izimboni zesimanje. Inqubo yokuhlanzwa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe iqala ngokuhlukanisa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe ngokushisa, lapho kukaphethiloli okushiswa khona emazingeni okushisa aphezulu emgqeni wokuhlukanisa bese uhlukaniswa izigaba ezahlukene ngokusekelwe kumaphuzu awo okubila kanye nesisindo sawo samajenjini. Ngesikhathi sokuhlukanisa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe, ama-hydrocarbon alula anama-boiling points aphansi ayenyuka aye phezulu emgqeni njengezinsipho bese ehlanganiswa emikhiqizweni efana ne-liquefied petroleum gas ne-naphtha, kanti izigaba ezisindayo zihlala phansi njenge-gas oil kanye no-residual fuel. Ukuhlukanisa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela engozini eyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba izigaba eziningi ezihlukanisiwe zidinga ukucubungulwa okwengeziwe ngokusebenzisa amayunithi okugqekeza, ukubuyekeza, ukuguqula, kanye nokwelapha ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezimfuneko zekhwalithi kanye nezidingo zemakethe. Inqubo yokuhlanzwa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe futhi ihlanganisa ukususa isulfure ukuze kususwe izinhlanganisela zesulfure ezingaba nomthelela ongcolisa umoya lapho izinsipho zishiswa emishinini kanye neziko.

Izinqolobane zesimanjemanje zihlanganisa izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulawula izinqubo, izikhamishini ezithuthukisiwe, kanye nesofthiwe yokwenza kahle ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kwandiswe kakhulu imikhiqizo enenzuzo enkulu kusuka kuwo wonke amabhelo kawoyela ongahluziwe ocwengwayo. Ukuqonda inqubo yokucwenga uwoyela ongahluziwe kubalulekile kunoma ngubani ohilelekile embonini kaphethiloli, njengoba inquma inzuzo, ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza, kanye nokusebenza kwemvelo kwayo yonke imisebenzi ephansi. Inqubo yokucwenga uwoyela ongahluziwe iyaqhubeka nokuguquguquka ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha obuvumela ukucubungula izinhlobo ezinzima nezine-asidi kakhulu, kanye nokucubungula okuhlangene kwezinto ezivuselelekayo kanye nopetroli ojwayelekile. Ukuhlukaniswa kukawoyela ongahluziwe ngokushisa okuhlukahlukene kuhlala kuyisisekelo sawo wonke ama-refinery emhlabeni wonke, kodwa izinqubo zokuguqula nokwelapha ezingezansi yizo ezikwengeza inani langempela futhi zidale uhla oluhlukahlukene lwemikhiqizo umphakathi wanamuhla othembele kuyo ezokuthutha, ukukhiqiza, ezolimo, nempilo yansuku zonke.

Ngaphakathi kwenqubo ebanzi kawoyela, izinkampani ezikhethekile zinikeza imikhiqizo namasevisi abalulekile enza ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukukhipha uwoyela ongahluziwe ngendlela ephumelelayo nethembekile ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba.IKHAYAiyinkampani ehamba phambili yaseShayina ekhiqiza izinto zokugcwalisa imifantu emafutheni ezimayini, ezidlala indima ebalulekile esigabeni sokukhipha uwoyela oluhlaza, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingajwayelekile ezidinga ukugcwaliswa ngomfutho ukuze kukhiqizwe ngendlela enenzuzo. Izinto zenkampani zokugcwalisa imifantu zakhelwe ukubekezelela ingcindezi enkulu, izinga lokushisa, kanye nemvelo yamachibi angaphansi komhlaba, ngenkathi zigcina ukuhamba kwemifantu isikhathi sonke sokusebenza komthombo. Ngemigqa yokukhiqiza ezenzakalelayo ethuthukisiwe kanye nezinga eliqinile lokulawula ikhwalithi, zonke izinto zokugcwalisa imifantu zihlangabezana nezimfuneko eziqinile ezidingwa abasebenzi bakwawoyela negesi emhlabeni jikelele abafuna ukusebenza okuzinzile nokulindelekile. Njengoba kugcizelelwe ku-MAYELANA NATHI ikhasi, inkampani izibophezele ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha kanye nemikhuba yokukhiqiza esimeme, njengokuqhubeka nokuphucula izinqubo zayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhiqizwa kukadoti. Yabo Ucwaningo nentuthukoimizamo igxile ekuthuthukiseni izinto ezintsha zama-proppant nemiklamo eyenziwe ngobuchwepheshe ethuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinsizakalo zokuhlukanisa ngamandla, okufaka isandla ngqo ezingeni lezomnotho lamaphrojekthi anzima okukhipha uwoyela oluhlaza. Kumakhasimende anezidingo ezithile zokusebenza ezihlobene nezimo ezihlukile zesitoreji noma ubujometri bama-well, inkampani inikezaNgokwezifisoizixazululo zama-proppant ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhambisa okuhlukile kanye nomkhiqizo we-well. Ngokuhlinzeka ngama-proppant athembekile, asebenza kahle kakhulu, inkampani isiza ukuthuthukisa inqubo yokukhipha uwoyela oluhlaza futhi isekela ukusebenza kahle okuphelele kanye nenzuzo yochungechunge lwezinto zenani likawoyela kusuka esitorejini kuya endaweni yokuhlanzwa.

Inqubo kaphethiloli, kusukela ekukhishweni kuze kube ukuhlanzwa nokushiswa kokugcina, inemiphumela emikhulu kwezemvelo okufanele iphathwe ngokucophelela ababambiqhaza bemboni, abalawuli, nemiphakathi ngokufanayo. Imisebenzi yokukhishwa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe ingathinta izindawo zemvelo zasendaweni ngokuhlukumeza umhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, kanye nengozi yokuconsa okungcolisa inhlabathi, amanzi angaphezulu, kanye nemithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ukuthuthwa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe kubeka izingozi zokuconsa eziqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi lapho imishayo yehla khona ezindaweni ezibucayi kwezemvelo noma lapho imikhumbi ethwala uwoyela ihamba ezindaweni ezimatasa zemikhumbi eduze namachweba kanye nezindawo zasolwandle. Inqubo yokuhlanzwa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe idla amandla amanzi amaningi futhi ikhiqize ukukhishwa kwe-sulfur oxides, i-nitrogen oxides, i-carbon dioxide, kanye nezinto ezincane ezingena emoyeni ezinomthelela ekwehleni kwekhwalithi yomoya yasendaweni kanye noshintsho lwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke. Izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zemboni zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokubhola ezivalekile, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuthola ukuvuza, izinhlelo zokusebenzisa kabusha amanzi, kanye nezindawo zokwelapha amanzi angcolile ezinciphisa umthelela wezemvelo wenqubo kaphethiloli. Izinkampani eziningi ezihamba phambili zitshala imali kubuchwepheshe bokubamba nokugcina i-carbon ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwe-greenhouse gas okuhlobene nenqubo yokuhlanzwa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe kanye nezinye izindaba zezimboni ezingaphansi kwazo. Izinhlaka zokulawula emhlabeni wonke ziba nzima kakhulu, zidinga abasebenzisi ukuthi bamukele ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile, bathuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, futhi banikeze imibiko ecacile yokusebenza kwabo kwezemvelo kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa.

Ngokubheka phambili, inqubo kaphethiloli izoqhubeka nokuguquguquka ngokuphendula ubuchwepheshe obusha, izidingo zemakethe ezishintshayo, kanye nemibono yomphakathi mayelana nezenzo zesimo sezulu nokusimama kwemvelo. Umkhakha wokukhipha uwoyela ongahluziwe cishe uzobona ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kobuchwepheshe bedijithali njengobuhlakani bokwenziwa, izinzwa ze-internet of things, i-robotics, kanye ne-automation ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukunciphisa izindleko, nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi. Inqubo yokuhlanganisa uwoyela ongahluziwe izodinga ukuzivumelanisa nekhwalithi yezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezishintshayo, izidingo zemikhiqizo eziguquguqukayo, kanye nokugcizelelwa okukhulayo ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yophethiloli ehlanzekile kanye nemikhiqizo ye-petrochemicals enezinga eliphezulu yezinto ezithuthukisiwe kanye nemikhiqizo esimeme. Ukwakheka kaphethiloli kuhlala kuyinqubo yomhlaba eyisilinganiso esikhawulelwe esisebenza ezikhathini ezidlula kakhulu impucuko yomuntu, okusho ukuthi imboni kufanele ihlale ihlola imingcele emisha futhi ithuthukise ubuchwepheshe ukuze ifinyelele izinsiza ezisele ngokuphepha nangokomnotho. Naphezu kokukhula okusheshayo kwezinsiza zamandla avuselelekayo, uphethiloli uzohlala uyisici esibalulekile ekuxubeni kwamandla omhlaba emashumini eminyaka azayo, ikakhulukazi kwezokuthutha, ezokundiza, ezokuthutha ngolwandle, kanye ne-petrochemicals lapho izindlela ezisebenzayo zikhawulelwe noma zisakhula. Izinkampani ezitshala njalo kwezokucwaninga nokuthuthukisa, ukusebenza kahle, ukuthuthukiswa kwamathalente, kanye nokusebenza kwemvelo zizoba sesimweni esingcono kakhulu sokuphumelela kule ndawo eguquguqukayo futhi zibe nesandla ekuguqukeni kwamandla okubhekelela. Yonke inqubo kaphethiloli, kusukela ekwakhekeni kaphethiloli ezindaweni zasolwandle zasendulo eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule kuze kube ukulethwa kwemikhiqizo ehlanzekile kubathengi namuhla, imele enye yezimpumelelo ezimangalisayo zobunjiniyela bomuntu kanye nenhlangano yezimboni emlandweni.