Uhambo lwamafutha angahluziweyo ukusuka emadanyini ajulileyo asemhlabeni ukuya kumafutha nezinto ezisebenzisa izinto zethu zansuku zonke yinto emangalisayo yobunjineli neyokhemistri. Ezingqongqotheni zale nguquko kuluhlu lokucwengwa kwezinto eziphuma emafutheni, uchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinyathelo zomzimba nezemichiza eguqula uwoyela ongahluziweyo ube yimikhiqizo enenzuzo efana negesi, uwoyela wedizili, uwoyela wejethi, i-asphalt, nezinto eziyisisekelo zamakhemikhali. Ukuqonda le nqubo kubalulekile hhayi kuphela kochwepheshe emkhakheni kawoyela negesi kodwa futhi namabhizinisi athembele kule mikhiqizo ecwengiweyo ukuze kusebenze imisebenzi yawo. Umnotho womhlaba wonke uhlangene kakhulu nokutholakala kukwoyela ocwengiweyo, njengoba ezokuthutha, ukukhiqiza, ezolimo, nokushisa konke kuncike kulo. Indawo yokucwenga uwoyela ayiyona nje ifektri; kuyinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yamayunithi axhumene okufanele asebenze ngokunemba ukuze kukhuliswe isivuno, kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha, futhi kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zemvelo. Ukwakheka kukwoyela uqobo kwaqala eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule, lapho izinto zasendulo eziphilayo zazifihlwe ngaphansi kwezendlalelo zenhlabathi futhi zathola ukushisa okukhulu nengcindezi, kwadala amafutha ezinsalela esiwakhipha namuhla. Ngaphandle kwengqalasizinda yokucwenga esiyithuthukisile, uwoyela ongahluziweyo njengoba uphuma emhlabeni ubuyoba nokusetshenziswa okuncane kakhulu, yingakho ukucwenga kubhekwa njengesixhumanisi esibalulekile phakathi kokukhiqizwa kukwoyela ongahluziweyo nokusetshenziswa kokugcina.

Inqubo yokuhlanzwa iqala kude ngaphambi kokuba uwoyela oluhlaza ungene emgqeni wokuhlanjululwa; iqala ngenkinga yezokuthutha yokuhambisa inani elikhulu lawoyela ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ezimbonini zokuhlanzwa ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke. Uwoyela oluhlaza uvamise ukuthuthwa ngezikebhe ezinkulu, imibhoshongo, izitimela, noma amaloli, kuye ngokwezwe nengqalasizinda, futhi ugcinwa ezindaweni ezinkulu zamathangi ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukucubungulwa. Uma uwoyela oluhlaza ufika embonini yokuhlanzwa, udlula uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zokulungiselela ezihlanganisa ukukhipha usawoti ukuze kukhishwe amanzi, usawoti, kanye nokungcola okuqinile okungadala ukugqwala imishini noma ukuphazamisa imisebenzi elandelayo. Inhliziyo yenqubo yokuhlanzwa ukuhlukaniswa kukawolintshi oluhlaza ngokwezinga lokubila, indlela yokuhlukanisa ingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yama-hydrocarbon ezindaweni ezahlukene ngokusekelwe ezingeni lokubila kwawo emgqeni omkhulu wokuhlanjululwa ongakwazi ukufinyelela izinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-700 degrees Fahrenheit phansi. Izindawo ezilula ezifana ne-propane ne-butane zenyukela phezulu emgqeni njengezinhlayiya, kanti izindawo ezisindayo ezifana negesi eliyinqolobane ne-residuum ziqoqana phansi, ngalunye lwezindawo luhanjiswe ezingeni elithile lethreyi ukuze kucutshungulwe kabanzi. Ngemuva kokuhlanjululwa, lezi zindawo ezisheshayo zithunyelwa kumayunithi okuguqula alandelayo, izindawo zokwelapha, nemisebenzi yokuhlanganisa ukuze kukhiqizwe imikhiqizo eqediwe ehlangabezana nemithetho eqinile kanye nemininingwane yokusebenza. Isinyathelo sokugcina engozini yonke yokucubungulwa kukawolintshi oluhlaza ihlanganisa ukuthuthwa kwemikhiqizo eqediwe ngezimbotshana, izikebhe, noma amaloli ezindaweni zokusabalalisa futhi ekugcineni kubasebenzisi bokugcina, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uphethiloli ufinyelela esiteshini sakho sendawo futhi uphethiloli wejethi ufika ezindaweni zezindiza usuku lonke.

Izinqolobane zesimanje ziyizindawo ezinkulu zezimboni ezisebenzisa imishini ekhethekile nezobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu ukuze zisebenze ngokuphepha nangempumelelo usuku lonke. Ezingqimeni zazo zonke izinqolobane kukhona iyunithi lokuhlukanisa ngomoya, umkhumbi omkhulu oyindilinga owenza ukuhlukaniswa kokuqala kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe ube izingxenye zawo ngokushisisa nokubilisa okulawulwa ngokucophelela. Ngaphezu kokuhlukanisa, izinqolobane zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene obuthuthukisiwe njengokugqekeza nge-catalytic, i-hydrocracking, i-reforming, i-alkylation, kanye ne-isomerization, ngayinye yakhelwe ukwephula ama-molecule amakhulu, ukuhlela kabusha izakhiwo zamajikijolo, noma ukuhlanganisa ama-molecule alula abe imikhiqizo ebaluleke kakhulu. Lobu buchwepheshe budinga izimbiza eziqinile, izishisi, izishintshi zokushisa, ama-compressor, amaphampu, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula eziyiklanyelwe ukubekezelela ingcindezi ephezulu, izinga lokushisa elidlulele, kanye nezindawo ezonakalisa iminyaka eminingi yesevisi eqhubekayo. Imishini esetshenziswa izinqolobaneni ihloshelwe izinhlelo eziqinile zokuhlola, ukugcinwa, nokushintshwa ngoba ukuma okungalindelekile kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kwezimali kanye nezingozi zokuphepha. Emashumini eminyaka adlule, imboni ibone ukuthuthuka okukhulu ku-digitalization, i-automation, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinqubo, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi babheke izindawo zedatha ezinkulungwane ngesikhathi sangempela futhi balungise inqubo kaphethiloli ukuze bathole ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nomthelela omncane emvelweni. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Hebei Kaiyuan Oil Proppant Co., Ltd., nakuba zaziwa kakhulu njengomkhiqizi ohamba phambili wezinto zokugcwalisa ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni uwoyela ongahluziwe, ziyaqonda ukubaluleka kwemishini yezimboni ethembekile kanye nokukhiqiza okunembayo okufana namazinga aphezulu atholakala ekuqhutshweni kwezinqolobane.

Iyunithi ngayinye ngaphakathi kwe-refinery inenjongo ehlukile ohlelweni lonke lokucubungula uwoyela ongahluziwe, futhi ukuqonda imisebenzi yazo kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi ibhodlela likawolintshi liguqulwa kanjani libe yimikhiqizo ehlukahlukene. Iyunithi ye-fluid catalytic cracking ingenye yamayunithi okuguqula abaluleke kakhulu, njengoba isebenzisa ukushisa kanye ne-catalyst ukuze yaphule izakhiwo ezinkulu, ezinzima zamacarbohydrates zibe izincane, ezilula ezingasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa uphethiloli we-high-octane. Ama-hydrotreater asetshenziselwa ukususa i-sulfur, i-nitrogen, nezinye izinto ezingcolile emifuleni ephakathi ngokuzihlanganisa ne-hydrogen ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo futhi kuncishiswe ukukhishwa lapho uphethiloli ugcina ushiswa. Amayunithi okubuyekeza athatha i-naphtha ye-low-octane futhi ahlele kabusha isakhiwo sawo samolekyuli ukuze akhiqize i-reformate ye-high-octane, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlanganisa uphethiloli we-premium, ngenkathi futhi kukhiqizwa i-hydrogen esetshenziswa kwenye indawo ku-refinery. Lezi zinqubo ezixhumene zibonisa ukuthi kungani i-refinery kufanele ibonwe njengohlelo oluhlanganisiwe ngokuphelele lapho izinguquko kweyodwa iyunithi zingaba nemiphumela yokwehla kumavolumu okukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kulo lonke uhlelo.

Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele inqubo yokuhlanzwa kukaphethiloli, umuntu kufanele aqale aqonde izimiso eziyisisekelo zesayensi ezilawula ukuthi uwoyela ongahluziwe uziphatha kanjani ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene zokushisa nokucindezela. Uwoyela ungumxube wemvelo wezinto ezibizwa nge-hydrocarbons, kusukela ku-methane gas elula kuya ezintweni ezisindayo, ezinamathelayo ezifana ne-asphalt, kanye namanani ahlukahlukene kasulfure, i-nitrogen, i-oxygen, namatshe amancane anomthelela endleleni uwoyela okufanele ucetshiswe ngayo. Iyunithi ejwayelekile yokulinganisa uwoyela ongahluziwe embonini yi-barrel yamagaloni angu-42, isiko lomlando eliqhubeka nanamuhla noma ngabe izimboni zokuhlanzwa zesimanje zicubungula izinkulungwane zamakhulu ezinkulungwane zamabharele ngosuku, okubonisa amandla azo amakhulu okucubungula. Amandla okucubungula ayisilinganiso esibalulekile ezimbonini zokuhlanzwa ngoba achaza ukuthi indawo ingacubungula kangakanani uwoyela ongahluziwe esikhathini esinikeziwe, futhi inomthelela ngqo ezindabeni zokonga, inzuzo, kanye nekhono lokuhlangabezana nesidingo sesifunda semikhiqizo ehlanzekile. Inqubo yokugqekeza ingenye yezinguquko zamakhemikhali ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlanzweni, njengoba yenza izinto ezinkulu, ezingabalulekile kakhulu ze-hydrocarbon zibe izinto ezincane, ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ukushisa, ukucindezela, futhi ngokuvamile izinto ezisizayo endaweni elawulwa ngokucophelela. Ukugqekeza ngokushisa kwakuyindlela yokuqala eyathuthukiswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, kodwa izimboni zokuhlanzwa zesimanje zisebenzisa kakhulu ukugqekeza nge-catalytic nokugqekeza nge-hydrocracking ngoba zikhiqiza amavolumu aphezulu emikhiqizo efiselekayo njenge-gasoline kanye ne-diesel ngokusebenza kahle nokukhetha okungcono. Isayensi kawoyela ongahluziwe iphinde ihlanganise ukuqonda ukwakheka kukaphethiloli kanye nezimo zejiyoloji ezidale izinhlobo ezahlukene zezindawo zokugcina uwoyela, okwonawo kuthonya ukukhethwa kwezindlela zokuhlanzwa kanye nokuhlelwa kwemishini.

Akawo wonke amafutha kawoyela adaliwe ngokufanayo, futhi izici zomzimba nezezimiso zikawolintshi ethile zinomthelela omkhulu endleleni okucutshungulwa ngayo nokuthi yimiphi imikhiqizo engatholwa ngayo ngokomnotho. Uwoyela kawoyela uhlukaniswa ngokubanzi ngobuningi bawo, obulinganiswa esikalini se-American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity, lapho ama-crude alula enezindinganiso eziphakeme ze-API futhi akhiqiza isabelo esikhulu semikhiqizo elula enenzuzo njenge-gasoline kanye ne-diesel ngemuva kokudiliza. Ama-crude anzima, ngakolunye uhlangothi, anezindinganiso eziphansi ze-API futhi aqukethe amaphesenti amakhulu ezinto eziphekeka kakhulu ezidinga ukucutshungulwa okwengeziwe, njengokubilisa noma i-hydrocracking, ukuzihlukanisa zibe imikhiqizo elula, ethengisekayo. Enye indlela yokuhlukanisa ebalulekile isekelwe ekuqukethe isulfure, lapho i-sweet crude equkethe ngaphansi kuka-0.5 percent isulfure kanti i-sour crude equkethe amazinga aphezulu adinga i-hydrotreating eyengeziwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemithetho yezemvelo ye-sulfure kuma-fuel. Ukukhetha ukuthi yimaphi ama-crude okufanele acutshungulwe kuyisinqumo samasu sabacubunguli, njengoba ama-light sweet crudes ethengisa kakhulu kodwa futhi adinga ukucutshungulwa okungewona obunzima kakhulu, kanti ama-heavy sour crudes ashibhile ukuthenga kodwa adinga izinhlelo zokucubungula ezithuthukisiwe nezibizayo. Ukuqonda lezi zici zikawolintshi kawoyela kuvumela abacubunguli ukuthi balungise izinhlanganisela zabo zikawolintshi, bakhethe izinhlelo zokucubungula ezifanele, futhi bakhulise inani elitholwa kuwo wonke amabhelo kawoyela angena esangweni lokucubungula.

Inhloso enkulu yenqubo yokucwengwa kukaphethiloli ukukhiqiza izinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo ezisebenzela cishe yonke imikhakha yomnotho wesimanje, kusukela kwezokuthutha nokwakha kuya kwezolimo nemikhiqizo yabathengi. Upharafini ngaphandle kokungabaza uyikho konke okwaziwa kakhulu, okwenza cishe ingxenye engu half yemikhiqizo evela endaweni yokucwenga evamile, futhi uhlanganiswa ngokucophelela kusuka emifuleni eminingi ukuze kufezekiswe izilinganiso ze-octane, ukushintsha kwesimo, kanye nezakhiwo zokuhlanza ezidingwa izinjini zesimanje. Upharafini wedizili ingenye imikhiqizo enkulu enika amandla amaloli, izitimela, imikhumbi, imishini yezolimo, namajeneretha, futhi ngokwanda kwayo ibhekana nemikhawulo eqinile ye-sulfur edinga ukwelashwa okuningi nge-hydrotreating ochungechungeni lokucubungula uwoyela oluhlaza. Upharafini wejethi uyimikhiqizo ekhethekile kakhulu enezincazelo eziqinile ze-freeze point, i-flash point, kanye nokuzinza kwe-thermal, iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile nokuthembekile ezindizeni ezisebenza ezingeni eliphezulu kanye namazinga okushisa. I-asphalt, umkhiqizo osindayo osuka enqubeni yokudiliza, ubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwemigwaqo, ezintweni zokwenza uphahla, kanye nezicelo zokuvimbela amanzi, okubonisa ukuthi ngisho nezingxenye ezincane kakhulu ezishintsha isimo zinenzuzo enkulu kwezomnotho. Eminye imikhiqizo ebalulekile ihlanganisa igesi kaphethiloli oluwuketshezi olusetshenziselwa ukushisa nokupheka, izinto zokudla ezisetshenziswa kwezobuchwepheshe njenge-naphtha ne-ethane ezisebenza njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ezakhiweni zamaplastiki kanye nezindwangu zokwenziwa, amafutha okugcoba, amakhandlela, kanye ne-petroleum coke. Ububanzi balolu hlu lwemikhiqizo bufakazela ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu bokucwenga kwesimanje kanye nekhono layo lokuguqula into eyodwa ibe amakhulu emikhiqizo ehlukahlukene, enenzuzo enkulu, esekela impilo yesimanje.

Ukuphatha imboni yokucwenga uwoyela kuhlanganisa ukuphatha izingozi ezinkulu, okubandakanya izinto ezivutha kalula, izinhlelo ezinomfutho ophezulu, amakhemikhali anobuthi, kanye namazinga okushisa adlulele, yingakho ukuphepha kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izici zokuklama, ukwakhiwa, kanye nokusebenza kwansuku zonke kwemboni yokucwenga. Izimboni zokucwenga zisebenzisa izinhlelo zokuphepha eziningi ezihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwezingozi zenqubo, izinhlelo zokuphepha ezisebenza ngomshini, amavalvu okuvala ngokushesha eziphuthumayo, imishini yokuthola nokucisha umlilo, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha eziphelele kubo bonke abasebenzi. Isibopho semvelo sibaluleke ngokulinganayo, njengoba izimboni zokucwenga kumele zithobele imithetho eqinile elawula ukukhishwa komoya, ukukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile, ukuphathwa kukadoti oluqinile, kanye nokuncishiswa kwegesi elibangela umphumela wokushisa womhlaba ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wazo emphakathini nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Izimboni zokucwenga zesimanje zenze intuthuko emangalisayo ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa ngokusebenzisa amafutha avutha ngokuhlanzeka, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo, ubuchwepheshe bokubamba i-carbon, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo enesulfur ephansi enenzuzo kumkhwalithi womoya phansi. Izinkampani eziningi emaketangeni amanani kawoyela negesi, okubandakanya abakhiqizi bezingxenye ezibalulekile njengama-proppants asezingeni eliphezulu akhiqizwa yi-Hebei Kaiyuan Oil Proppant Co., Ltd., zabelana ngalokhu kuzibophezela ekusimameni nasekuphathweni okubalulekile kwezinsiza kuyo yonke imisebenzi yazo. Ukuzinikela komkhakha ekuphepheni nasekuphathweni kwemvelo akuyona nje imfuneko yomthetho kodwa futhi kuyisidingo esibalulekile sebhizinisi, njengoba ukwethembana komphakathi nokusebenza okuthembekile kubalulekile empumelelweni yesikhathi eside emkhakheni wezinguquko.

Ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo yokuhlanzwa kukaphethiloli ingaba nzima ukuyibona ngezincazelo zombhalo zodwa, izinhlangano eziningi zezimboni kanye nezinkampani ziye zakha uchungechunge lwevidiyo yezemfundo oluletha imiqondo yokuhlanzwa ekuphileni ngokusebenzisa izithombe, izinkambo ezibonakalayo, kanye nokuphawula kochwepheshe. Lezi ziqeshana zevidiyo ngokuvamile ziqala ngokubuka konke ukwakheka kukaphethiloli kanye nokukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli ongahluziweyo ngaphambi kokungena engozini yokuhlanzwa uqobo, zibonisa ukuthi ukhona kanjani uketshezi olungahluziweyo oludlula emakholomu okuhlukanisa, izishintshi, kanye nezindawo zokuhlanganisa ngendlela enempumelelo nebandakanyayo. Izihloko ezibalulekile ezihlanganiswa kulolu chungechunge ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izimiso zokuhlukanisa okuyingxenye kukaphethiloli ongahluziweyo, ukusebenza kwezindawo zokugqekeza nge-catalytic, ukubaluleka kwe-hydrotreating ukususa isulfure, kanye nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile okuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ihlangabezana nezimfuneko ngaphambi kokushiya indawo yokuhlanzwa. Ochwepheshe abangena embonini, abafundi abafunda ubunjiniyela bamachweba, noma amabhizinisi afuna ukuqonda uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa ngemuva kwezibaso nezinto abazidingayo, lezi zinsiza zevidiyo zinikeza isengezo esifinyelelekayo nesibalulekile kumanyuwali ezobuchwepheshe kanye nezincwadi zemfundo. Ukuhlanganiswa kokufunda okubonakalayo ngezincazelo ezinemininingwane kusiza ukuchitha ubunzima bokuhlanzwa futhi kugqamise ubuhlakani kanye nobuchwepheshe obudingekayo ukuze kusebenze lezi zindawo ezinkulu zezimboni ngokuphepha nangempumelelo.

Inqubo yokuhlanzwa kukaphethiloli iyisibonelo sobuhlakani bomuntu, iguqule uketshezi olumnyama, olujiyile oluvela emhlabeni lube yizibaso, amafutha okugcoba, nezinto ezisetshenziswa ezokuthutha zesimanje, ukukhiqiza, ezolimo, kanye nokunethezeka kwansuku zonke. Kusukela ekuhlukanisweni kokuqala kukaphethiloli ongahlanzekile emakholomu aphezulu kuya ekuguqulweni kwamakhemikhali okuyinkimbinkimbi okwenzeka kuma-catalytic crackers nasezindaweni zokwelapha ngamanzi, isinyathelo ngasinye senqubo senzelwe ukwandisa inani ngenkathi kuhambisana nezindinganiso eziqinile zokuphepha nezokusing environment. Imboni yokuhlanzwa yomhlaba iyaqhubeka nokuguquka, iqhutshwa yizidingo ezishintshayo, imithetho eqinile yezemvelo, kanye nesidingo esiqhubekayo sokucubungula uwoyela ongahlanzekile osindayo futhi onukayo njengoba izinto ezikhanyayo ezimnandi ziphela. Ezinkampanini eziqhuba emkhakheni kawoyela negesi, kungaba ekukhiqizeni, ekuhlanzweni, ekusabalaliseni, noma ekusebenziseni, ukuqonda izisekelo ezihlanganiswa yilo mhlahlandlela kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokwenza izinqumo zamasu kanye nokusebenza kahle. Izinkampani ezinikeza imikhiqizo namasevisi abalulekile kulo mkhakha, njengeHebei Kaiyuan Oil Proppant Co., Ltd., idlala indima ebalulekile yokusekela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa nokucubungulwa kwamafutha eluhlaza kuhlala kuthembekile, kusebenza kahle, futhi kungasindi iminyaka ezayo. Njengoba umhlaba ushintshela ekuxubeni kwamandla okuhlukahlukene, ukucwengwa kukaphethiloli kuzohlala kuyingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu yamandla emhlabeni wonke amashumi eminyaka, kuqhubeke nokuzivumelanisa nokwenza izinto ezintsha ngokuphendula izinselelo namathuba amasha. Sikhuthaza abafundi ukuthi bahlole ukuzibophezela kwenkampani yethu ekuqhakazeni nasekwenzeni izinto ezintsha futhi bafunde kabanzi mayelana noimikhiqizo esekela imisebenzi kawoyela negesi emhlabeni wonke. Kulabo abafuna ulwazi olujulile, izinsiza zethu zokucwaninga nentuthuko zocwaningo nentuthuko kanye izinkonzo zenkonzo ezenziwe ngendlela efanele hlinzeka ngemininingwane eyengeziwe ngobuchwepheshe obusekela imboni yamandla.